Download CONGRESS OF VIENNA notes (Ch 18.4) REVOLUTIONS IN

CONGRESS OF VIENNA notes (Ch 18.4)
REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE notes (Ch 20)
REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA notes (Ch 20)
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• European leaders met to restore Europe after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
• Undo anything that Napoleon had done
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First time in history on a continental scale when leaders came together to formulate treaties instead of using
messengers
Controlled by “Conservative” leaders:
o Clemons von Metternich – Austria
 Wanted to restore boundaries to where they were before 1792
o Alexander I – Russia
 Est. “Holy Alliance” of Christian monarchs to prevent future revolutions
o Lord Robert Castlereagh – Britain
 Prevent France from regaining military power
o Frederick William III
o Charles Talleyrand – France
3 Main Goals
1)Restore “Old Order”
• Monarchy, Nobility, power of the Church
o Put our “Revolutionary Fires”
 weaken Enlightenment ideas
o Reduction in rights
o No “Separation of Powers”
o No Written Constitutions to limit monarch’s power
o Suppress feelings of Nationalism
• Hard to re-establish “Old Order” because Europe had “tasted” freedoms and increased equality
2)Create a lasting peace by establishing balance of power
3)France pay an indemnity
Results
(1)Redrew Map of Europe
• Encircled France with stronger countries – prevent future French aggression
• France lost all land won by Napoleon
(2)Quadruple Alliance
• Austria / Russia / Prussia / Britain – act together to keep a “balance of power” and put down revolutions, especially
in France
(3)Legitimacy
• “Legitimate,” hereditary monarchies restored in areas Napoleon had kicked out
(4)Concert of Europe
• European powers met frequently to discuss issues
Congress of Vienna failed to respect the power of Nationalism
• Nationalism became a strong force for change
o groups that shared a common heritage wanted their independence
o Nationalism gave people an identity and a goal of creating their own “homeland”
• Liberals/Nationalists – opposed Conservatives
o Inspired by Enlightenment and French Revolution
o Defended “Natural Rights”
o Wanted a “written constitution”
o Wanted “separation of powers”
o Wanted officials to be elected
REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE
Nationalities revolted for independence and freedoms
1804
Serbia revolted
o Inhabited by many different religions and ethnic groups
o Seeking independence from Ottoman Empire
o failed, but provided encouragement for future
1815
Serbia revolted
o more successful revolt
o helped by Russia
1820’s Spain/Portugal revolted
1830
Greece revolted
o won independence from Ottoman Empire
1830
France revolted
o Charles X openly supported “Divine Right” and control of Church
 suspended the legislature
 reduced the right to vote
 restricted the “freedom of press” (controlled by many Liberals/Radicals)
 increased censorship
July Revolution
• Parisians revolted
• Charles X abdicated
• Louis Philippe was chosen by upper classes
o Constitutional Monarchy
o Owed rule to upper classes
o Extended rights to upper classes
o Had little sympathy for lower classes
 Unemployment
 Wages
 Working conditions
1830
1830
1848
Belgium revolted
• won independence
Poland revolted
• failed
France revolted
February Days
• King Louis Phillipe continuing to reduce freedoms
o Radicals / Liberals demanding change
• France in recession
• Poor harvests / rise in food prices / high unemployment
• Reform Banquets were held
o circumvented governmental restriction on political meetings
o used to protest the king
o government banned the PARIS BANQUET, which caused stronger revolts
 banned originally on January 14 and later again on February 2
 right to assemble was being taken from them
• Louis Phillipe abdicated
• “Second Republic” created
June Days
• Upper/middle classes in control
• Workers protested against unfair balance of wealth
• Increased rioting
• LES MISERABLES is based on “June Days”
• Constitution created to establish
o President (Louis Napoleon)
o One-house legislature
o Universal male suffrage (9 million could now vote compared to 200,000 before)
1848
revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy
REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
Society controlled by Peninsulares
• Spanish born
• put into power by Spanish government
• Held all government jobs
• Held all church offices
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattoes
European-descended Latin Americans – owned haciendas/ranches, but were considered 2nd class
Native American and European descent
African and European descent
Enlightenment ideas spread to Latin America (American Revolution / Declaration of Independence / Constitution
• Simon Bolivar (Creole) was in France during French Revolution and was inspired by Enlightenment ideas
• Toussaint L’Ouverture – led revolts against France in Hispaniola (Haiti)
o 1803 – Ouverture died
o 1804 – Hispaniola (Haiti) became independent
1808
Liberals in Latin America (Simon Bolivar) revolted against Napoleon when he invaded Spain
• Napoleon could not invade Spain and protect its overseas colonies
MEXICO
1810 - 1821
VENEZUELA
1810 - 1821
ARGENTINA
1816
COLUMBIA
1819
BRAZIL
1822
EQUADOR
1822
PERU
1824
Father Hidalgo / Father Morelos lead revolt to gain independence
Simon Bolivar leads revolt for independence
San Martin leads revolt for independence against Spanish
win independence
win independence
win independence
win independence
GUATEMALA / EL SALVADOR / HONDURAS / NICARAGUA / COSTA RICA
1838
win independence