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The Federalist Age
Judiciary Act of 1789: 1.
Passed by Congress to help create a federal court system. a. Established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts of appeal. b. Provided for a chief justice and five associate justices for the Supreme Court. i. Were nominated by the President ii. Approval comes from the Senate. c. Defined the federal courts’ powers. i. Relationship between federal and state courts. Cabinet: 1.
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Created during Congress’s first session. Created three departments to assist the President in decision making. a. State Department i. Handled foreign affairs b. War Department i. Managed military affairs c. Treasury Department i. Oversaw the nation’s finances. President appoints heads of each department. a. Noted with the title of Secretary b. Advisors for specific areas of government Washington’s Cabinet included: a. Thomas Jefferson i. Secretary of State b. Henry Knox i. Secretary of War c. Alexander Hamilton i. Secretary of Treasury d. Edmund Randolph i. Attorney General 1. Advisor of legal matters. Bank of the United States: 1.
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Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as part of his proposal to restore the United States credit. a. Idea was to have a central bank with branches in major American cities. Hamilton believed the bank would provide three important components to help manage the nation’s money. a. Provide a safe place to deposit government funds. b. Provide a sound uniform currency i. Issued in the form of paper money. c. Provide a source for loans to help the government in emergencies and drive commercial expansion. American people did not accept this proposal with enthusiasm. The Federalist Age
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Southern planters who were short on cash saw the proposal as a way to control them. Thomas Jefferson proposed the Bank was illegal. a. Stated it was not a power given the federal government in the Constitution. i. He was a strict believer in following the exact language of the Constitution. ii. Believed the government could only do what is specifically spelled out in the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton saw the Constitution in a different perspective than Jefferson. a. Supported the philosophy of “Constitutional Interpretation.” i. The government could do anything the Constitution does not specifically forbid. The issue over the Bank of the United States was debated in Congress for months. a. Washington sided with Alexander Hamilton b. Congress chartered the Bank of the United States in 1791. i. Right to operate for twenty years. 1. They would then need Congressional approval at that time. Whiskey Rebellion: 1.
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Hamilton needed to raise money to pay off the national debt. a. He had to depend on different taxes to raise money. i. Current tax base was not raising enough money. b. Asked Congress to create a tax on a few domestic products. i. Main target was Whiskey. 1. Producers would be taxed. Whiskey tax hit the western farmers the hardest. a. Many farmers had turned their cash crop of corn into whiskey. i. It was profitable ii. Easier to transport to eastern markets. b. In the summer of 1794, western farmers of Pennsylvania raised a rebellion over the whiskey tax after being ordered to pay the tax. i. Attacked federal marshals sent to help collect the tax. 1. Tarred and feathered some of them. ii. Approximately 500 farmers burned the head revenue agent’s home. iii. Talk of creating a new country was in discussion by these farmers. Rebellion challenged federal authority. i. Washington called on the militia from other states to intervene. 1. He went along. 2. Farmers ran off rather than fight. Outcome of the rebellion. a. Federal government had demonstrated its power in all areas of the nation. b. Government lost support among western farmers. i. They believed their interests were being ignored. Hamilton’s Economic Plan: The Federalist Age
1. Hamilton believed that economic and political strength was the key to a strong national government. a. If you helped businesses and industry they would believe that the national government had their best interest at heart. 2. He wanted Congress to strengthen national credit by paying off the national debt. a. Congress paid the $12 million owned to foreign nations. b. Congress balked at paying approximately $65 million owned domestically. c. Proposed to pay off all the bonds in full i. These were sold during the Revolution to create revenue for the war. d. Proposed the federal government lake over a large portion of state debts. i. Southern states balked at this idea. ii. Most had already paid their debts off. c. A compromise had to be reached for this to happen. i. He pledged that the national capital would be moved to a new site across the Potomac River from Virginia. 1. This would place the capital on southern land. 3. The National Bank of the United States was established. 4. Taxes were placed on some domestic good. Impressments:
1. A term used for kidnapping. a. American sailors were being kidnapped by the British to be used on British ships. 2. Britain claimed that they were only taking deserters from British navy vessels. a. They impressed approximately 10,000 Americans between 1790 and 1812. Little Turtle:
1. He was the chief of the Miami tribe. a. Real name was Michikinika. b. Led a band of approximately 1,500 Native Americans against federal troops. i. This band of Native Americans were from six different tribes. ii. Fighting over the Northwest Territory c. Was known for his abilities as a strategist and leader. d. Little Turtle advised his allies to stop the fighting. i. He realized they were outnumbered by the American troops. ii. Encouraged other chiefs to listen to the peace offerings by the Americans. 1. His advice was rejected. e. Little Turtle refused to continue to lead the band of Native Americans against the Americans. f. The Native Americans had been receiving their weapons from British forts in the Northwest Territory. The Federalist Age
Edmund Genet:
1. He was a French diplomat that came to the United States to organize “Revolutionary Clubs. a. He tried to persuade Americans to honor their 1778 military alliance treaty with France. 2. Washington refused to help France or any other warring nation. a. He knew that the United States was not prepared to go to war. 3. Genet defied neutrality policy of the United States. a. He had armed ships in an American port. b. Sent the armed ship out to sea to attack British ships. 4. Washington demanded France replace Genet. a. He was quieted, but had already created a division in the American people that lasted for a long time. Pinckney’s Treaty:
1. Was negotiated in 1795. 2. Treaty set the southern boundary of the United States near Florida at the 31st parallel. 3. Guaranteed American navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Battle of Fallen Timbers:
1. The battle took place in the summer of 1794. a. Native American Confederation, originally led by Little Turtle, and federal troops that were commanded by “Mad Anthony” Wayne. 2. As predicted by Little Turtle, the fighting ended with the Native American confederation defeated. 3. Wayne’s men burned Native American villages and crops. 4. The battle dealt a harsh blow to the Native American resistance in the Northwest Territory. 5. Over 1,000 chiefs were forced into negotiation with the United States after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. a. Treaty of Greenville in 1795. i. Gave all Native American lands to the United States. ii. Native Americans in return received $20,000 in goods and a formal acknowledgement of their claim to lands they still controlled. Sectionalism:
1. Occurred in mid‐ 1790s. a. It is a loyalty to a particular part of a country. 2. This loyal attitude helped create two political parties. a. Federalists b. Democratic‐Republicans The Federalist Age
XYZ Affair:
1. A foreign policy scandal where the French asked for bribes from American diplomats before beginning treaty negotiations. a. Occurred in 1797 2. President Adams sent three diplomats to negotiate a new treaty in Paris. a. French Prime Minister sent three agents with demands to meet with the American delegation before negotiations would begin. i. United States had to publicly apologize for ani‐French remarks President Adams had made. ii. Grant France a multimillion dollar loan iii. Pay Prime Minister Talleyrand a bribe. 1. He wanted $240,000.00 3. Demands were published by President Adams for Americans to read. a. Substituted the letters X, Y, and Z in place of the names of Talleyrand’s agents. 4. Congress and Adams responded to the XYZ Affair with war preparations. a. Created a Navy Department b. Built Warships c. Fortified harbors d. Strengthened the army e. Imposed a tax to pay for the military build up. 5. Without declaring war, the United States warships began capturing French vessels. Democratic‐Republicans:
1. Formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. a. Its purpose was to attract and gain political support for the 1792 Presidential election. b. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution. c. Were pro‐ French. d. Opposed the National Banking System e. Opposed protective tariffs. f. Opposed the Federalist Parties beliefs. g. Believed that the people should have political power. h. Favored strong state governments over a national government. i. Believed that emphasis should be placed on agriculture, not industry. 3. Disagreements within Washington’s Cabinet brought about the rise of this party. Protective Tariffs:
1. A tax on imported goods. a. Proposed by Alexander Hamilton in his economic plan for the new United States. b. Purpose was to discourage Americans from purchasing foreign goods and encourage them to purchase American made goods. i. Wanted to develop an American Industrial base. The Federalist Age
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Plan was opposed by both northern merchants and southern farmers. a. Northern merchants feared it would hurt international trade. b. Southern farmers feared they would have to pay higher prices for European manufacturing goods they needed. Protective Tariff was rejected by Congress. 3.
Excise Tax: 1. A tax on goods produced, sold and used in the country. a. Another of Hamilton’s economic play proposals. i. He was continuing to look for income to pay off the national debt. b. Liquor Tax of 1791 was an example. i. It outrages many due to the cut into individual’s profits. Neutrality:
1. A term used when a group or individual chooses not to take sides in a dispute. 2. Washington declared United States neutrality in the dispute between France and Britain. a. Believed that the country should maintain a friendly and impartial behavior with both countries. b. He warned all Americans not to help any of the warring nations of Europe. John Jay: 1. Chosen as Chief Justice during Washington’s Presidency. 2. Sent to Britain by Washington to settle the dispute between the two nations. a. Britain withdrawing from the Northwest Territory b. Britain’s seizing of American ships c. Impressments of American men. d. Britain’s aid to Native Americans in the Ohio Territory i. They wanted American settlers out of the territory. 3. Wrote the Jay Treaty: a. Britain promised to withdraw from its Northwest posts. b. Britain agreed to pay for seizing American ships. c. Treaty failed to address two important issues. i. Britain’s relations with Native American tribes. ii. Britain did not agree to stop impressments or seizing American ships. Alien and Sedition Acts: 1. A result of the XYZ Affair. a. Distrust increased against foreigners in America. 2. Alien Act a. Gave the President the power to deport aliens he felt The Federalist Age
undesirable in the Untied States. b. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from five years to fourteen years. 3. Sedition Act a. Set fines and jail time to any believed interfered with the government. i. Try to disrupt the operation of government ii. Express false, scandalous, and malicious statements against the government. Two Party System: 1. A government based on two competing groups for power. a. Ideologies were generally different from each other. i. Federalists 1. Proponent of industrial growth 2. Strong national government supporters ii. Democratic‐Republicans 1. Proponent of agriculture 2. Strong state government supporters 2. Born out of political rivalry for control of the Presidency, Congress and states. a. Factions rather than parties b. Formed when opposition to Hamilton’s programs left Congress and began publishing concerns in newspapers. Nullification: 1. When a state refused to recognize a law or act of Congress that it deemed unconstitutional. 2. Came about when the Democratic‐Republican leaders viewed the Alien and Sedition Acts as a misuse of power by the federal government. a. Organized opposition to these laws. i. Appealed to the states b. Drew up a set of resolutions i. Adopted both the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Judiciary Act of 1801: 1. Pushed through Congress by Adams before leaving office. 2. Law stated the increase of federal judges to 16. a. This was done to control future federal court decisions. i. Wanted a federalist sway in the court. The Federalist Age
Midnight Judges:
1. Name was given to the men appointed by Adams under the Judiciary Act of 1801. a. They were appointed on the last day of Adams administration. 2. Questioned if the appointments were constitutional. Marbury versus Madison: 1. A lawsuit precipitated by the Democratic‐Republicans over the Midnight Judges. a. Claimed the documents authorizing some of the appointments were not delivered before Adams left office. i. Believed these appointments were invalid. 2. Judiciary Act of 1789 required the delivery of these papers by the Supreme Court. a. Failure to deliver these papers to William Marbury resulted in the lawsuit. i. Propose was to enforce this provision of the law. 3. Chief Justice Marshall ruled this provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. a. Reasoning behind the decision was based on the constitution which did not empower the Supreme Court to issue these orders. 4. Marshall’s decision was recognized as significant in upholding the principles of Judicial Review. a. Supreme Courts ability to determine if laws are unconstitutional. Judicial Review:
1. The power given to the Supreme Court in the Constitution. a. Provides the court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. b. Prime example came with the lawsuit brought on by William Marbury against Adams. Louisiana Purchase:
1. France persuaded Spain to return the lands west of the Mississippi River to France in 1800. 2. Jefferson was concerned the land transfer would force the United States into an alliance with Britain. a. Wanted to purchase New Orleans and western Florida to resolve the problem. b. Sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate in Paris. 3. Before Monroe arrived in Paris, Napoleon had decided to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the United States. a. His failure to conquer Haiti was the reason i. Gave up on having an American empire. 4. Without Congressional approval, Monroe and Livingston closed the deal. a. Question of if the deal is constitutional. b. Purchased the territory for $15 million. The Federalist Age
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i. Senate ratified the purchase The United States expanded west of the Mississippi River with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory. a. Result was the United States doubled in size. Blockade:
1. Fighting resumed between Britain and France following the Louisianan Purchase and into Jefferson’s second term as President. a. Napoleon excluded British goods from Europe. b. Britain attacked Napoleon’s Europe by setting up a blockade. i. Closed its ports ii. Prevented ships from entering or leaving ports. Embargo:
1. Britain and France acted on America with aggression. a. America focused its anger on Britain. i. Britain’s policy of impressments was hurting American’s economy. 1. Seizing Americans at sea to force them to serve in the British navy. 2. The Chesapeake Incident was another reason. 2. Jefferson convinced Congress to ban exporting goods to other nations. a. Called an embargo b. The Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt Britain and other European powers. i. Wanted to force them to honor the United States policy of neutrality. 3. Embargo Act hurt Americans more than Britain. a. The ban on foreign trade ended in 1809. i. Exception was with Britain and France. Treaty of Ghent:
1. Peace treaty for the War of 1812. a. Armistice signed on Christmas Eve in 1814. 2. Treaty did not address two major issues. a. Impressments b. neutral shipping rights. 3. Treaty agreed on other issues a. Commercial treaty i. Reopened trade between the United States and Britain. b. Rush‐Bagot Agreement i. Limited the number of warships on the Great Lakes. c. Creation of a British‐American Commission. i. Set the boundaries of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains. d. Oregon Territory i. Agreed to a ten year joint occupation of the area. The Federalist Age
Armistice: 1. Defined as a truce or an agreement to end an armed conflict. 2. An armistice was signed on Christmas Eve 1814, during the War of 1812. a. War was between Britain and the United States. i. Called for by American War Hawks. ii. It was discovered that Native Americans were getting weapons from British Canada. War Hawks:
1. A group of young congressmen from Southern and Western states. a. Called for war against Britain. b. Felt that British were treating the United States as still being a part of Britain. 2. Known for their sense of nationalism 3. Most outspoken was Henry Clay a. Reasons for wanting war. i. Revenge for Britain seizing American ships ii. An excuse to capture Canada. 4. Advantages in the war a. Possibility of getting Florida from Spain 5. Other reasons for the war a. British arming Native Americans in the west. William Henry Harrison: 1. General in the War of 1812 2. Governor of the Indiana Territory in 1809. a. Invited several Native American chiefs to Fort Wayne, Indiana. i. Persuaded them to sign over three million acres of Native American tribal lands to the United States government. 2. Met with Tecumseh in 1810. a. Was given a warning about war. 3. Marched with 1,000 soldiers to Tippecanoe Creek. a. Prophet arranged a surprise attack on the troops. i. No victory in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh:
1. Shawnee Chief: a. Believed Native Americans could only protect their homeland against white settlements was to form a The Federalist Age
confederacy of Native American nations. 2. Brilliant strategist and skillful diplomat. a. Began negotiating with the British for help with the coming conflict with Americans. b. Traveled for two years in the Midwest and the south trying to recruit members of his confederacy. c. Spokes person for the confederacy i. Claimed “common rights” in the land. 3. Older brother of warrior “Prophet.” 4. Enraged at the treaties signed with Harrison. a. Believed the land belonged to all Native Americans 5. Sent warriors to deliver a message to Harrison in 1810. a. Took 75 warriors with him and marched on Vincennes in the Indiana Territory. b. Met with Harrison and insisted a message be delivered to President Madison. i. If whites did not stop moving onto Indian lands, war was inevitable. 6. Sided with the British in the War of 1812. 7. Died at the Battle of the Thames. Andrew Jackson:
1. A military general from Tennessee. 2. Known as a war hero for battles in the War of 1812 a. Defeated the Creek Indian Tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. i. This victory destroyed Native American power in the South. 3. Greatest victory was the Battle of New Orleans a. Occurred after the armistice was signed in the War of 1812. b. Defeated British troops through to be superior. Aaron Burr: 1. Jefferson’s running mate in the Election of 1800. a. Received the same number of electoral votes as Jefferson. i. Became vice president after Hamilton intervened and got Jefferson elected President. 2. Plotted to have New England and New York secede from the Union. a. Failed and blamed Hamilton 3. Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. a. Hated Hamilton because of his interference with the House of Representatives in the election tie for President and his failed attempt at the secession The Federalist Age
of New York and New England. i. Believed he made a deal to get Jefferson elected. 4. Arrested in 1806, for treason, when he planned to separate the western part of the United States from the eastern half of the country. a. Unite it to the would be conquered Spanish territory west of the Louisiana Territory. b. Freed when Justice Marshall believed he was wrongly accused by Jeffersonians. John Marshall:
1. Staunch Federalist. 2. Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Adams. a. Served on the court for more than thirty years. 3. His decisions handed down straightened the courts powers as well as the federal governments powers. 4. Wrote a decision making a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. a. Decision came from the lawsuit “Marbury v. Madison. 5. Believed that the federal court was the weakest branch of government. Sacajawa:
1. Shoshone Indian woman 2. Had a vast knowledge of the Rocky Mountains and North Dakota. 3. Offered to guide Lewis and Clark’s expedition across the Rocky Mountains. a. Could translate for the expedition i. Had knowledge of many Indian languages as well as English and French. 4. Large contributor to the expedition. a. Helped gather food b. Showed the men where to hunt and fish c. Knew different herbs to use for medicines. Alexander Hamilton:
1. Selected by Washington to be part of his Cabinet. a. Became Secretary of Treasury 2. Developed a plan to end the national debt. a. Met with resistance b. Made compromises to get the United States in good standing with Europe. 3. Had an influence over the formation of policy both foreign The Federalist Age
and domestic. 4. Had a vision of federal power in Modern America. a. Convinced Congress to use elastic interpretations of the Constitution to pass far‐reaching laws. b. Creator of the national debt. c. Federal assumption of state debts d. Created a tax system through imports and whiskey. 5. Denounced the French Revolution a. Admired British system of government 6. Was an elitist a. Advocated strong federal government b. Advocated industrialism c. Believed that the common man did not have the intelligence to make decisions involving government. i. Irony is that he was a common man who was fortunate enough to get an education. Lewis and Clark:
1. Chosen by President Jefferson to explore the northern part of newly purchased Louisiana Territory. a. Meriwether Lewis: i. Personal secretary to Thomas Jefferson b. William Clark: i. Army officer 2. Traveled for two and one half years through the territory. a. Made scientific observations b. Mapped the region c. Recorded knowledge of the different Native American tribes. d. Wrote narratives about their adventures in diary form e. Recorded the different types of animals they observed. Thomas Pinckney: 1. Representative from South Carolina 2. Selected to become the U.S. Minister to Britain from 1792 to 1796. a. Negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain. i. Negotiated American shipping rights on the Mississippi River to New Orleans. 3. A Federalist 4. Nominated for Vice‐President by the Federalists in the election of 1796. The Federalist Age
Political Parties:
1. Federalists: a. Created by Alexander Hamilton and George Washington b. Usually members were northerners. c. Pro industrialization i. Pro tariffs d. Believed in a strong central government e. Were pro‐British f. Believed in loose construction of the Constitution i. Believed it was necessary and proper. 2. Democratic‐Republicans: a. Created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison b. Usually members were from the south c. Believed in a weak central government i. Wanted strong state governments ii. Against tariffs d. Were Pro‐France e. Believed in strict construction of the Constitution