Download World History 2016-17 Napoleon Bonaparte / Congress of Vienna 1

World History 2016-17
Napoleon Bonaparte / Congress of Vienna
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reign of Terror ends: with execution of Robespierre in July 1794
Yet another new government set up in France in 1795
a. People tired of terror!
b. Not want absolute monarch!
c. Set up moderate government putting power in hands of middle class
d. Brought some sense of order
Problems on international front remain because France still at war with Britain, Austria and Russia
General Napoleon Bonaparte comes to save the day! Emerges as the perfect general to lead the French troops.
RISE OF NAPOLEON
1. Recognized as one of the world’s greatest ___________ geniuses along with
Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar of Rome
2.
Secures military victories in European wars
3. Orchestrates a coup d’etat (blow to the state) when French government lost confidence of French people
 Napoleon
4.
takes over as _____________
Ends wars with Britain, Austria and Russia (for time being)
NAPOLEON RESTORES ORDER IN FRANCE
1.
2.
3.
Politically, takes middle of the road approach: strengthen central government while remaining true to some values of French
Revolution.
Fixes economy with efficient tax and banking system.
Restores position of Church but limits power: Church no longer has role in govt’l affairs (separation of church and state exists)
4.
Creates the
a.
b.
Napoleonic Code
Comprehensive system of laws
Order over liberty in many instances: Eliminated many injustices, but also restricted liberty in some instances,
promoting order as more important
i. Example: restrictions on freedom of speech and restored slavery in French colonies
5. 1804: Napoleon crowns self as emperor
a.
b.
Took crown from _______ and crowned himself  shows state more powerful than Church in France
Historical context: Church come full circle (at least in France) since time of _________________when pope crowned
emperor
NAPOLEON CREATES A FRENCH EMPIRE IN EUROPE
1.
2.
3.
Wanted to reassert French power in the Americas and take control of Europe.
Ends up reducing French power in the Americas:
a. Loses control of French colony in ____________:
i. Ideas of French Revolution spread to Haiti: slaves rise up
ii. Napoleon tries to take back colony but troops knocked out by _______________
iii. Haiti declares independence
b. Decides to sell Sells Louisiana Territory to US  decides to cut losses in Americas and sells Louisiana Territory to US
for mere _________ million
More successful in conquering Europe (at least initially).
a. France already had annexed Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy and had puppet government in Switzerland
b. Brits, Russia, Austria and Sweden unite to prevent further expansion by Napoleon  but Napoleon crushes them at
Battle of Austerlitz
c. Peace treaties result in Napoleon building GREATEST EUROPEAN EMPIRE
SINCE TIME OF ____________
d.
But Napoleon was unable to defeat the ____________!
i. Napoleon loses at famous Battle of Trafalgar
ii. British navy wins under Horatio Nelson by ______________the French fleet
e.
1800-1810: Napoleon master of much of Europe
i. Only areas he did not control were: Britain, Portugal, Sweden and Ottoman Empire
ii. Had a huge empire but unstable one
NAPOLEON’S COSTLY MISTAKES
1. Failure of Continental System
a.
b.
Wanted to prevent all trade and communication between Great Britain and Europe
Did not work!
i. Smugglers: still get through and Napoleon’s own men aid in smuggling
ii. Other European countries not want to participate in blockade of Great Britain
iii. British navy superior and sets up own blockade requiring all ships from colonies to come to BR first for
search and taxation
2. French Loss in Guerilla Warfare with Spain during Peninsula War
a.
Spain refused to let Napoleon pass through Spain on its way to make Portugal participate in the Continental
System.
b. 6 year guerilla
warfare between Spain and France results
i. Bands of Spanish peasants, known as guerillas, struck FR armies in Spain
ii. Not an army to defeat in open battle  specialize in working in small groups and ambushing and then
hiding
iii. This type of warfare is named “guerilla
warfare” and name used ever since to describe this type of
fighting. Ex. ______________
iv. Napoleon loses 30K men in what became known as the Peninsula War
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3. Disastrous Invasion of Russia
a.
1812: breakdown in FR and Russian alliance because Russia refused to stop selling grain to Great Britain
b.
Napoleon decides to invade Russia with
c.
Had to march 1000 miles, ___________ on foot
d.
Russia’s scorched
e.
f.
_____K troops
earth policy
i. Russians keep pulling troops back but burn land as go  no ________for Napoleon’s troops
Napoleon finally takes Moscow in September but ______________when he got there
Fateful delay: waits until October to return to France
i. _____________came early to Russia that year!
ii. Russian raiders mercilessly attacked Napoleon’s returning soldiers
iii. Napoleon ends up returning home with only _____K
troops
NAPOLEON’S FINAL, FINAL DOWNFALL
1.
Napoleon defeated by European Powers and sent to Elba
a. Napoleon’s enemies quick to take advantage of his weakness
b. Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria join forces against him
c. Russian and Prussian troops arrive in Paris
i. Napoleon wanted to fight on but generals refused
ii. April 1814: accepts terms of surrender and gives up throne
iii. Exiled to
Elba, a small island in off the ____________coast
2. He’s back. . . Napoleon returns to power during the “Hundred Days”
a.
b.
c.
France returns to a monarchy under Louis XVIII who quickly becomes unpopular
Napoleon escapes from Elba and returns to Parisians who are happy to see him  Napoleon became the emperor
again!!!
But Europeans want no part of more Napoleon!
i. They quickly respond, finally defeating Napoleon for good at
3.
Finally gone for good when sent to St. Helena
a.
4.
Battle of Waterloo
To prevent any further return of Napoleon, he is sent to
St. Helena: remote island in the South Atlantic
b. Despite all of his fame, Napoleon dies lonely within 6 years of exile
Assessment of Napoleon? True to ideals of French Revolution? Military genius? Dictator? Hero of French people? Ego
maniac? Villain?
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THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-1815)
1.
2.
What was the
Congress of Vienna?
a. Meeting of European heads of government in 1814-1815 in Vienna, Austria
b. Objective: Develop ways to _________________________________________________ on the continent.
Dominated by 5 great powers:
a. Great Britain
b. Prussia (part of modern Germany)
c. Russia
d. Austria
e. France
i. Represented by King Louis XVIII – restored after Napoleon’s final, final defeat
3. 3 specific goals of the Congress of Vienna
a. Contain France: Prevent ___________from taking over European neighbors by surrounding France with
newly formed strong “countries”
b. Achieve balance of power among European nations
i. Wanted to weaken France -- BUT _______________________________!
ii. Rationale for this position
1. If severely punish France  France might one day seek revenge against punishers
2. If break up France  could make way for emergence of another, even stronger country that will
threaten everybody like France had done under Napoleon
3. Create __________________________________________________________
a. Modern world?
c. Re-establish legitimacy of European monarchies:
Bring back the royal monarchs that
Napoleon had deposed in order to stabilize political relations among nations
4. Congress of Vienna was a political triumph in many ways
a.
b.
c.
Nations of the entire continent cooperated to control political affairs for the first time in Western European history
Effective balance of power created
Lasting peace in Europe for next _______ years
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS BEYOND THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1.
Conservative European rulers tried to limit legacy of French Revolution
a. Advocated suppression of liberty and equality because thought they led to _________________
b. Believed someone like Napoleon able to gain power only because ______________was such a weak system
c. Form conservative alliances to prevent revolutions from occurring in other European countries
2. Despite conservatives’ efforts, the ideas of French Revolution cannot be
contained!!
a. Once people exposed to liberty, equality and democracy  ideas _______________________
b. France remained deeply divided politically
i. Conservatives: happy to have King Louis XVIII rule
ii. Liberals: want monarchy to share more power with legislature
iii. Lower class: remain committed to ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity!
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c.
3.
Other European countries also become divided leading to revolutions for democracy in 1830 and 1848 in various
European countries
i. Cannot turn back the clock after the French Revolution ideals have been planted!!
ii. French Revolution had given Europe its first experiment in democratic government and even if
experiment had failed, ______________________________________________________________.
iii. Subsequent upheavals in Europe for democracy have roots in French Revolution
Revolutions in Latin America
a. Ideas of French Revolution spread to Latin America
Simon Bolivar fight for and achieve independence for several South American
b.
Revolutionaries like
c.
d.
countries controlled by _____________
Brazil claims independence from _____________
Mexico claims independence from ___________
LEGACIES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION AND CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1.
Influenced politics for the 100 years following Congress
2. Continent wide effort to maintain peace and balance of power
a.
3.
4.
Result
i. Diminish size and power of France
ii. Increase power of Britain and Prussia
Nationalism spread to Italy, Germany, Greece and other areas that the Congress of Vienna had put under foreign control
a. These nationalistic feelings will eventually explode leading to new nations being formed
European colonies respond to new revolution and new power shift by declaring _____________________
5. Ideas about power and authority permanently changed:
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. A new era had begun in world history!
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND MODERN DAY UNITED NATIONS
1.
2.
_________________ – purpose is to promote world peace.
Use ____________________ as chief method for keeping peace (at least in theory).
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