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Chapter Four Buddhism ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Life of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama—c. 563-483 B.C.E. Legend of birth—white elephant Born a prince of Shakya tribe Death of mother a week after childbirth Prophecy of Hindu priests—two possible directions of life Great ruler following in the footsteps of his father Great spiritual leader if he ever sees suffering ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Life of Buddha Father’s reaction to prophecy Shelter him from seeing suffering Train him to be a ruler Marriage and fatherhood Siddhartha’s disobedience Left the royal grounds Visited a nearby town Saw suffering of others and was changed by it Saw the Four Passing Sights ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Four Passing Sights An old man, crooked and toothless A sick man The suffering associated with illness A corpse being taken for cremation The suffering associated with old age and poverty The suffering of grief A sannyasin (Hindu wandering holy man) A man with no possessions who seemed at peace. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Search for Answers Left family and gave up possessions Sought a guru to help him find spiritual answers Sought truth through asceticism Became convinced that gurus did not have the answers Almost starved to death and realized it did not help him find the answers Sought truth through meditation and practiced moderation ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Enlightenment As he meditated under a tree, Siddhartha reached a state of profound understanding, called his Awakening or Enlightenment or Bodhi. Continued meditating for a time Became a traveling teacher, sharing his insight Found disciples and established a Sangha (an order of monks and nuns) ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Dying Words of Buddha As Siddhartha died after a long life, he called his disciples together and said, “You must be your own lamps, be your own refuges. Take refuge in nothing outside yourselves. Hold firm to the truth as a lamp and a refuge, and do not look for refuge to anything besides yourselves.” ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Influence of Hinduism Rejection of some Vedic or Hindu practices or concepts Ritualism Reliance on priests Caste system Concepts involving any permanent spiritual reality Brahman Atman ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Influence of Hinduism Adoption of some Hindu concepts Ahimsa—doing no harm to any living creature Reincarnation—Though each person does not have a soul, the elements of personality that make that person recombine after death to be reborn Karma—moral law that determines the direction of rebirth Samsara—the everyday world of change, pain and suffering Nirvana—This Buddhist concept of liberation from Samsara is very similar to the Hindu concept of Moksha ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Basic Teachings The Three Jewels The Buddha—an ideal human being to be emulated, not usually thought of as being dead, but as existing in a timeless dimension beyond the world The Dharma—all the Buddhist teachings about how to view the world and how to live properly The Sangha—the community of monks and nuns ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Basic Teachings The Three Marks of Reality Change—Change is inevitable and constant. Everything lacks the permanence we would like to see in it. No permanent identity—since everything changes, there is no soul or individual identities that persist, no atman. Suffering—Dukkha means life is full of dissatisfaction, suffering and sorrow. ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Basic Teachings The Four Noble Truths 1. 2. 3. 4. To live is to suffer. The constant inevitable change of reality causes anxiety, loss, anguish Suffering comes from desire. Suffering is caused by the fact that even if we get what we desire, we start desiring something else, so our desires are never satisfied. To end suffering, end desire. People must learn to control desires and accept their circumstances in order to stop suffering Release from suffering is possible and can be attained by following the Noble Eightfold Path ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Basic Teachings The three main goals of following the Noble Eightfold Path 1. 2. 3. To face life objectively To live kindly To cultivate inner peace ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Basic Teachings The Noble Eightfold Path 1. 2. 3. 4. Right understanding—“I recognize the impermanence of life, the mechanism of desire, and the cause of suffering Right intention—“My thoughts and motives are pure, not tainted by my emotions and selfish desires.” Right speech—“I speak honestly and kindly, in positive ways, avoiding lies, exaggeration and harsh words.” Right action— “My actions do not hurt any other being that can feel hurt, including animals; I avoid stealing and sexual conduct that would bring hurt.” ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Basic Teachings The Noble Eightfold Path 5. 6. 7. 8. Right work—“My job does no harm to myself or others.” Right effort—“With moderation, I consistently strive to improve.” Right meditation—“I use the disciplines of meditation (dyhana) and focused awareness to contemplate the nature of reality more deeply.” Right contemplation—“I cultivate states of blissful, inner peace (samadhi).” ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Buddhist Festivals Since Buddhism is prevalent in several cultures, the cultures have an impact on what festivals are held and when they are celebrated. The most important festivals focus on the following: The birth of Siddhartha Gautama The enlightenment of Buddha The death of Buddha The new year Sometimes a commemoration of the dead ©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.