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Physiology 2
DOUG BALLARD
JADEN CHO
JOE DALTON
PERIOD 2
Ch. 37 Concepts
 The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
 Blood moves through three types of blood vessels – arteries, capillaries, and veins
 Red blood cells transport oxygen.
 White blood cells guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria.
 Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments called
platelets.
 The lymphatic system collects fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to
the circulatory system.
 The function of the respiratory system is to bring about the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the blood, air, and tissues.
 Smoking causes respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
lung cancer.
Ch. 37 Vocab
 Myocardium – thick layer of muscle that surrounds the heart and pumps
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blood through the body
Atrium – upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that
is about to enter the ventricle.
Ventricle – lower chamber, which pumps blood out of the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation – pumps blood from the heart to the lungs.
Systemic Circulation – pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Valves – connective tissue that prevents the blood from flowing
backwards
Pacemaker – small group of cardiac muscles in the right atrium that “set
the pace” for the heart.
Aorta – large blood vessel that carries blood through the body and back
to the heart.
Arteries – large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of
the body
The Heart
1) Superior Vena Cava Blood from body
2) Right Atrium
3) Valve
4) Right Ventricle
5) Left Ventricle
6) Left Atrium
7) Pulmonary Veins Blood from lungs
8) Aorta - Blood to body
9) Pulmonary Arteries Blood to lungs
Ch. 37 Vocab (Cont.)
 Capillaries – smallest of the blood vessels that brings nutrients and
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oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste
products.
Veins – returns blood back to the heart
Atherosclerosis – a condition in which plaque builds up on the inner
walls of the arteries
Plasma – makes up about 55% of blood. Plasma is about 90% water and
10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste
products, and proteins called plasma proteins.
Hemoglobin – iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs
and transports it to tissues throughout the body.
Lymphocytes – type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that
help destroy pathogens
Platelets – starts clotting process when skin is broken to prevent
bleeding
Lymph – fluid that is lost by the blood and returned to the circulatory
system.
Ch. 37 Vocab (Cont.)
 Pharynx – shared with the digestive system, food goes down the esophagus
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and air passes through the trachea, but never at the same time
Trachea – armored tube that allows air to pass beyond the larynx to where
it divides into the left and right bronchi.
Right Bronchus – leads to a lung
Left Bronchus – The left one has a sharper bend due to the presence of the
heart and major blood vessels directly underneath it.
Alveoli – tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place.
Diaphragm – acts as a floor to the chest cavity as well as a roof to the
abdomen. Expands and contracts, forcing air in and out.
Nicotine – a stimulant drug that increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Emphysema – a long-term smoking disease that causes the loss of elasticity
in the tissues of the lungs, which makes breathing difficult.
Respiratory System
1) Nose
2) Mouth
3) Larynx
4) Lung
5) Right Bronchus
6) Diaphragm
7) Pharynx
8) Trachea
9) Left Bronchus
10)Bronchioles
11)Alveoli
Ch. 38 Concepts
 Every cell in the human body needs water because many of the body’s
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processes take place in water.
The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine. Several major accessory structures include the
salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver, add secretions to the digestive
system.
The function of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler
molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
As blood enters the nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out
and emptied into the collecting duct. The purified blood exits the nephron
through the venule.
The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins, and minerals.
Ch. 38 Vocab
 Stomach – continues chemical and mechanical digestion of food
 Small intestine – chemical digestion and absorption of food
 Pancreas – produces hormones, breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
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acids, and produces sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid
Liver – produces bile, which dissolves fat found in fatty foods.
Large intestine – removes water from the undigested material that is left.
Mouth – begins mechanical digestion through chewing
Esophagus – moves food by contractions of smooth muscle
Gallbladder – stores and concentrates bile, then releases it into the duodenum
to help absorb and digest fats.
Rectum – receives stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is
stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
Anus – last part of digestive tract
Digestive System Map
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1
2
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1) Teeth
2) Mouth
3) Tongue
4) Salivary Glands
5) Esophagus
6) Liver
7) Stomach
8) Gallbladder
9) Pancreas
10)Large Intestine
11) Small Intestine
12) Appendix
13) Rectum
14) Anus
Enzymes
Active Site
Enzyme
Effect on Food
Mouth
Salivary amylase
Breaks down starches
into disaccharides
Stomach
Pepsin
Breaks down proteins
into large peptides
Small intestine (from
pancreas)
Amylase
Continues the breakdown
of starch
Trypsin
Continues the breakdown
of protein
Lipase
Breaks down fat
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase
Breaks down remaining
disaccharides into
monosaccharide
Peptidase
Breaks down dipeptides
into amino acids
Small Intestine
Ch. 38 Vocab (Cont.)
 Kidney – organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste
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products from the blood
Ureter – carries urine to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder – saclike organ where urine is stored before being
excreted
Nephrons – blood filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney
Glomerulus – a small network of capillaries encased in the upper end
of the nephron
Bowman’s Capsule – cup-shaped structure in the upper end of a
nephron that encases the glomerulus
Loop of Henle – section of nephron tubule in which water is conserved
and the volume of urine minimized.
Urethra – a tube that releases urine from the body
The Kidney
 The kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing waste products from the
blood, maintaining blood pH, and regulating the water content of the blood.
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3
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1
1) Ureter
2) Renal Vein
3) Renal Artery
4) Medulla
5) Cortex
6) Nephron
The Nephron
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1) Bowman’s Capsule
2) Vein
3) Artery
4) Capillaries
5) Collecting Duct
6) Loop of Henle
Quiz
1) Which type of blood vessel returns blood to the heart?
a) Capillaries
b) Arteries
c) Veins
2) How much percent of blood contains plasma?
a) 55%
b) 45%
c) 60%
d) 50%
3) Which Bronchus is shaped differently in order to leave
room for the heart and other major blood vessels?
a) Right Bronchus
b) Left Bronchus
4) Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
a) Bronchioles
b) Diaphragm
c) Alveoli
Quiz (Cont.)
5) Where is the larynx located?
a) 7
b) 3
c) 8
6) What is the function of the pharynx?
a) To let food go down the esophagus
b) to let air
pass through the trachea
c) to do both, but never
at the same time
Quiz (Cont.)
7) Which organ is the stomach?
a) B
b) A
c) C
A
B
C
8) What is the function of the ureter?
a) to filter waste out of the blood
b) releases urine
from the body
c) to carry waste to the urinary
bladder
Quiz (Cont.)
9) Which enzyme is found in the Small Intestine from
the Pancreas?
a) Peptidase
b) Trypsin
c) Pepsin
10) Which part of the heart takes blood from the lungs
to the left atrium?
a) Pulmonary Arteries
b) Pulmonary Veins
c) Aorta
Quiz Answers
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
C
A
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
B