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Spatial Thinking Geography is more than memorizing names and places. Geographers organize space in much the same way that historians organize time. To help organize space, geographers are concerned with asking three important questions about things in the world: • Where is it? • Why is it there? • What are the consequences of its being there? The Five Themes of Geography The five themes of geography help answer these questions: • Location: Where is it located? • Place: What's it like there? • Human/Environment Interaction: What is the relationship between humans and their environment? • Movement: How and why are places connected with one another? • Regions: How and why is one area similar to another? Theme 1: Location Absolute location—is the exact point where a place is located. The Eiffel Tower is located at 48.858093˚N, 2.294694˚W. Relative location—where a place is in relation to another place. Suzie’s house is North of Starbucks. Globe—scale model of Earth Degree, Minutes and Seconds Units used to measure distances between parallels and between meridians. Lines of Latitude (parallels)— run parallel to equator. •Circle the Earth in an east-west direction Lines of Longitude (meridians)—measure distance east and west of the prime meridian. Circle the globe in a north-south direction Prime Meridian—0 degrees longitude—from North to South Pole and through Greenwich, England. Intersection of Lines—find absolute location of places. Equator—0 degrees latitude– circles the globe halfway between the North & South Poles International Dateline—180 degrees longitude—opposite the prime meridian. Theme 2: Place Place includes the characteristics of a location. Ex. The Grand Canyon has steep rock walls that were carved over centuries by the Colorado River. This theme considers the characteristics that make one place different from all other places on earth. Geographers describe a place by two kinds of characteristics: physical and human. The physical characteristics of a place make up its natural environment. The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and inventions. They include Schools, Roads, and Bridges. Theme 3: HumanEnvironment Interaction Explains how people affect the environment and how the environment affects people. Ex. People build dams to change the flow of rivers. Deforestation has led to the extinction or endangerment of many species of plants and animals. Theme 4: Movement How people, ideas and animals move from one place to another. Ex. The spread of different religions around the world. Relationships between people in different places are shaped by the constant movement of people, ideas, materials, and physical systems. Theme 5: Region Involves a group of places that have common characteristics. Ex. North America is a region that includes the United States, Mexico and Canada. South East Louisiana is a region that includes Louisiana. Some regions are distinguished by physical characteristics. Physical characteristics include land forms, climate, soil, and natural vegetation. For example, the peaks and valleys of the Rocky Mountains form a physical region. Some regions are distinguished by human characteristics. These may include economic, social, political, and cultural characteristics. Great Wall of China Location: 40° 46' 6" N 117° 5' 26" E Place: Hilly, dense vegetation Human-Environment Interaction: Wall constructed by people for protection.