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Chapter 14
The Renaissance and Reformation
14.1 The Renaissance in Italy
The Italian City-States
 The Renaissance began
in Italy, then spread
north.
 Sparked by a new
interest in the culture of
ancient Rome.
 The wealthy Medici family
from Florence & others
funded many gifted
poets, artists, architects,
scholars & scientists.
The Renaissance?
 Was a time of “renewed”
creativity and political,
social, economic change
 An “awakening” in the
1400s after the dark
ages.
 A spirit of adventure


Columbus, Copernicus
Humanism- an intellectual
movement focused on
worldly rather than
religious issues.


Believed that education
stimulated creative powers
Return to the “humanities”
– history, poetry, rhetoric
Golden Age of the Arts
 Wealthy patrons including
Popes & princes heavily
supported.
 Much religious &
humanist art
 Artists learned the rules
of perspective & shading
& portrayed the human
body more accurately.


Use of geometric shapes
R. Architects rejected
Gothic style and adopted
columns, arches, &
domes.
The Three Geniuses of
Renaissance Art
 Leonardo (da Vinci)



Michelangelo



Mona Lisa, Last Supper
Also a scientist (airplane)
Sculptor, engineer, painter,
architect, and poet
Pieta (Mary cradles Jesus),
statue of David, ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel, Dome
of St. Peter’s Cathedral
Raphael

The School of Athens, &
Madonna paintings
Leonardo self-portrait
Leonardo, the Artist
 The Virgin of
the Rocks
 Leonardo da
Vinci
 1483-1486
Leonardo, the Artist:
From his Notebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-1519)
Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4
Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
& Geometry
Deterioration
 Detail of
Jesus
 The Last
Supper
 Leonardo da
Vinci
 1498
Leonardo, the Architect:
Pages from his Notebook
Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):
Pages from his
notebook
An example of
the humanist
desire to unlock
the secrets of
nature.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy):
Pages from his Notebook
Leonardo, the Inventor:
Pages from his Notebook
2. Michelangelo Buonorrati
 1475 – 1564
 He represented
the body in
three
dimensions of
sculpture.
 David
 Michelangelo
Buonarotti
 1504
 Marble
The Popes as Patrons of the Arts
The Pieta
Michelangelo
Buonarroti
1499
marble
The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel Details
The
Creation
of the
Heavens
The Sistine Chapel Details
Creation of Man
The Sistine Chapel Details
The Last Judgment
3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)
Self-Portrait, 1506
Portrait of the Artist with
a Friend, 1518
Perspective!
Betrothal
of the Virgin
Raphael
1504
The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11
Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
Italian R. Writers
 Castiglione – The

Book of the Courtier
Machiavelli – The
Prince

Believed that getting
results was more
important that
keeping promises
(deceit in politics)
14.1 Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What conditions in Italy contributed to the
emergence of the Renaissance?
What is the meaning of “Renaissance?”
In which century did the Renaissance begin?
What is humanism?
What were major changes in art (style) during
this time?
Name the three most famous Renaissance
artists.
What were the two most famous writers?
What is the meaning of being Machiavellian?
14.2 The Renaissance Moves North
Artists of the Northern
Renaissance
 Germany – Albrecht
Durer
 Flemish – van Eyck,
Rubens, & Bruegel
Peter Paul Rubens
Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared
Robe, 1500
The English Were More Interested in
Architecture than Painting
Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s,
for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in style].
Burghley House for William Cecil
The largest & grandest house
of the early Elizabethan era.
Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)

More courtly and
aristocratic work.


Court painter to
the Duke of
Burgundy, Philip
the Good.
The Virgin and
Chancellor Rolin,
1435.
Van Eyck:
 The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment 
1420-1425
Humanists
 Dutch – Erasmus


Priest who called for
the Bible to be
translated into the
vernacular instead of
Latin.
English – Thomas
More

Wrote Utopia,
describing an ideal
society of peace &
harmony
Writers
 French – Rabelais
 English – William
Shakespeare



Wrote comedies &
tragedies
Enriched the English
language w/ 1,700
words
Spanish – Cervantes

Wrote Don Quixote
William Shakespeare
The Printing Revolution
 In 1456, Johann
Gutenberg from
Germany used the 1st
printing press



1st complete ed. of the
Bible
Used ideas from China
& Korea
Brought immense
changes


People now learned to
read
Learned a broad range
of knowledge
Review 14.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name 2 northern Renaissance artists.
Why was Erasmus important?
Who was the most famous Renaissance
writer?
Who was the Spanish writer & what was
his most famous book?
What was the significance of the printing
press?
Who was the first to use it & for what?
14.3 The Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Church
 By R. times, the
church was very
wealthy & powerful.
 Popes had a lavish
lifestyle & financed
the arts.
 To pay for this, some
promoted the sale of
indulgences. (less
time in purgatory)

Once given for good
deeds…
Luther’s Protest
 In 1517, protests against
Church abuses erupted.
 Led by a German monk &
professor, Martin Luther
 In his hometown of
Wittenberg, the priest
was selling indulgences…
 Luther was outraged and
nailed his 95 theses to
the door of the church.
 Copies were distributed
across Europe & the pope
called on Luther to recant
his views.
 Luther refused & was
excommunicated.



The Holy Roman Emperor
did not support him &
made him an outlaw.
Some princes &
thousands of others
supported him and
renounced the authority
of the pope.
Beliefs?




The Bible is the word of
God, not the pope.
Salvation through faith, not
works
Priests are regular people
& could marry.
Only 2/7 sacraments were
in the Bible
Why did Lutheranism
spread? It was the
answer to years of
Church corruption.
 Many peasants followed
him and revolts erupted
across Germany.
 The Peace of Augsburg
was signed in 1555,
allowing the new religion
to exist.
 N. Germany mostly went
Lutheran (Protestant) &
the S. remained Catholic.

Peace of Augsburg, Germany
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
Calvinism
 John Calvin followed Luther in
France & Switzerland except
he also believed in
predestination (all sinners or
saints)
 Calvinists believed in strict
morality, no dancing, no
laughing in church
 Spread through western
Europe & faced opposition
from Catholics and Lutherans
 Other more radical churches
formed later, like Anabaptists
Calvin’s World in the 16c
14.3 Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What was the “final” reason that Luther
rebelled against the Catholic church?
What was the overall reason?
What action did he take and what was the
result?
What were the main beliefs that Protestants
differed from Catholics?
What was the first protestant church called?
Where in Europe did the protestant religion
spread?
What was the 2nd main protestant church that
split from the Church?
14.4 Reformation Ideas Spread
The English Reformation
 King Henry VIII was the first to
become Protestant in England.


for political reasons, he wanted a
divorce…
Married Ann Boleyn, who bore him
Elizabeth, but married 4 more times
& finally had Edward
Started the Church of England
(Anglican)
 After Henry died, so did his
teenage son, so his ½ sister,
Mary Tudor was in line for the
throne.

Queen Mary was
Catholic & had hundreds
of Protestants burned at
the stake.
 When she died, her
sister Elizabeth became
queen & restored the
Anglican Church.
 Queen Elizabeth I had a
long reign & restored
unity to England.


Now a Protestant country
The Catholic Reformation
 Many Catholics also knew
they had to reform
themselves.
 The Council of Trent (1545)
tried to end abuses.
 To deal w/ the Protestant
threat, the Inquisition
continued (torture of
Protestants & Jews)


Also the time of witch hunts
Jews were persecuted by all


Moved into ghettos w/ yellow
badges
Expelled from many countries
& many settled in Poland &
the Ottoman empire
14.4 Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Who was responsible for making England a
Protestant country?
Why did he convert from Catholicism?
Who was his heir & why did she cause so
many problems?
Why was Queen Elizabeth I significant?
How did the Catholic Church try to reform
itself?
What happened to Jews during the
Reformation period?
14.5 The Scientific Revolution
Changing Views of the
Universe
 In 1543, Nicolaus
Copernicus proposed the
heliocentric model.
 Brahe supported this w/
an astronomical
observatory, but that
they moved in an oval
shape.
 Galileo confirmed this by
assembling a telescope.

Caused an uproar b/c it
contradicted the church.
A New Scientific Method
 The new approach to
science was a stepby-step process
starting from a
hypothesis.
 Englishman Francis
Bacon & Frenchman
Rene Discartes

Sought to fit the new
science w/ the
church’s teachings
Sir Isaac Newton
 Tried to explain why
the planets moved as
they did

Law of Gravity
All motion in the
universe can be
measured
mathematically.
 Developed a new
branch - calculus

Other Scientific Advances
 Chemistry replaced
medieval alchemists
 Robert Boyle
distinguished compounds
 Medicine




Emphasis on Anatomy
Ambroise Pare invented
stitches.
William Harvey described
the circulation of blood.
Van Leeuwenhoek
perfected the microscope.
14.5 Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Who was considered to be the 1st significant
scientist of the Renaissance?
What is the sun-centered theory called?
Which scientist caused an uproar in society
and why?
Which 2 scientists tried to resolve this
problem?
Who is associated with the law of Gravity?
What new area of math did he also start?
Who was the main Renaissance chemist?