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CHAPTER 6 Biomes DEFINING BIOMES Section 1 BIOME Characterized by similar biotic and abiotic conditions: Climate Plant life Animal life CLIMATE VS WEATHER Climate: Average conditions over long periods in a given area Weather: Day-to-day conditions TEMPERATURE & RAINFALL Most important in biome classifiction Same biomes at similar latitudes Climatograph climate diagram that describe the conditions of a biome PRIMARY PRODUCTION Gross Primary Production – rate in which primary producers convert energy into biomass Net Primary Production – organic matter that remains after cellular respiration BIOMES Section 2 BIOME VOCAB Canopy Emergent layer Understory Epiphytes Deciduous Estivation Coniferous Hibernation Permafrost ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWh XKhh8xo&list=PL9D9813F69F5C6922 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Section 3 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Characterized by water salinity, depth, and movement SALINITY Measures the amount of salts dissolved in water Expressed as ppt Oceans averages 35 ppt Freshwater less than 0.5ppt Brackish 0.5-30ppt Organisms have adapted to certain salinity ranges DEPTH Primary production is limited by sunlight How far light penetrates is a function of depth and clarity of the water DEPTH 3 zones : Photic zone – uppermost layer where sunlight penetrates (enough for photosynthesis to occur) Aphotic zone – no sunlight and photosynthesis does not occur Benthic zone – bottom layer CONNECTION BETWEEN DEPTH AND LIFE FLOWING AND STANDING WATER Flowing water = almost constant motion Example- Standing water = slow movement or none at all Example- FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Ponds, lakes, and inland seas Wetlands Estuaries Open, standing water Amount of nutrients differ LIMNETIC AND LITTORAL ZONES Littoral – shallow and near shore Limnetic – farther in with no rooted plants, rich in invertebrates PONDS, LAKES, INLAND SEAS Ponds are smaller Lakes are bigger and deeper Inland seas are larger than lakes FRESHWATER MARSHES & SWAMPS Freshwater Marshes Shallow, wetlands Tall, grass-like plants that can grow above the water Swamps Shallow Shrubs & trees FRESHWATER MARSH SWAMPS BOGS & FENS Bogs Low nutrients, acidic water, floating mats of vegetation Fens Less acidic and more nutrients than bogs Connected to groundwater source (unlike bogs) BOGS FENS RIVERS AND STREAMS Source high in the mountains Full of oxygen and cold Fast moving will cut a path as it flows Slow down as slope decreases Sun warms it up Nutrients and sediments will collect allowing plants to root RIVERS AND STREAMS Slow flow causes curvy paths Shortcuts form oxbow lakes Flood plains form near rivers, get flooded from time to time Empty into larger bodies of water called the mouth RIVER COURSE TRIBUTARY Smaller river flowing into a bigger one MEANDERING RIVER ADAPTATIONS OF ORGANISMS SALT MARSHES SALT MARSHES Salt tolerant grasses High primary productivity Filter out pollution Critical habitats for fish, birds, & shellfish MANGROVES MANGROVES Tropical & subtropical Roots curve downward to support Roots curve upward out of the ground for oxygen Important area for food, medicines, construction materials Fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes ESTUARIES ESTUARIES Most productive ecosystem on Earth! Located where rivers flow into oceans Organisms are adapted to a wide range of salinities and temperatures Subject to ocean and river conditions Brackish WATER DENSITY Salt content and water temperature affect water density Heavier – colder and saltier Lighter – warmer and less salty Currents driven by heating and cooling, gravity, and water density OCEANS World’s oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface OCEAN STRUCTURE 3 zones photic, aphotic, and benthic 3 zones of the photic zone Intertidal Neritic Open ocean 3 PHOTIC ZONES Intertidal zone High tide line and lowest low tide line Intertidal organisms have to be able to withstand being submerged in water, beat by waves, being exposed to the air and sun INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS 3 PHOTIC ZONES Intertidal zone (cont’d) Nutrient rich Large number of organisms some burrow into the sand until high tide returns 3 PHOTIC ZONES Neritic ecosystem Extends from low to the edge of the continental shelf Sunlit Most productive ecosystems Kelp forests Coral reefs NERITIC ZONE Kelp forest Supplies shelter and food for invertebrates Invertebrates provide food for predators Absorbs wave energy and protects shores from erosion
