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Digestion Food: The easiest thing you will pass in school Table 41.2 Table 41.1 Figure 41.5 Mechanical digestion 1 Ingestion Nutrient molecules enter body cells Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis) 2 Digestion Undigested material 3 Absorption 4 Elimination Figure 41.9a Tongue Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Liver Sphincter Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Sphincter Stomach Duodenum of small intestine Figure 41.9b Mouth Esophagus Gallbladder Liver Pancreas Salivary glands Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Schematic diagram Figure 41.10-1 Tongue Bolus of food Pharynx Epiglottis up Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus To lungs To stomach Figure 41.10-2 Tongue Bolus of food Pharynx Epiglottis up Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus To lungs To stomach Figure 41.10-3 Tongue Bolus of food Pharynx Epiglottis up Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus To lungs To stomach Relaxed muscles Contracted muscles Sphincter relaxed Stomach Figure 41.11 Esophagus Sphincter Stomach 10 m Sphincter Gastric pits on interior surface of stomach Small intestine Folds of epithelial tissue Epithelium 3 Pepsinogen Pepsin 2 Gastric gland Mucous cell Chief cell Parietal cell HCl Chief cell 1 Cl H Parietal cell Figure 41.19a 1 Food Liver Stomach Gallbladder Gastric juices Gastrin Pancreas Duodenum of small intestine Key Stimulation Inhibition Figure 41.19b 2 Bile Chyme CCK HCO3, enzymes Secretin Key Stimulation Inhibition CCK Figure 41.19c 3 Secretin and CCK Gastric juices Key Stimulation Inhibition Figure 41.20 Transport of glucose into body cells and storage of glucose as glycogen Pancreas secretes insulin. Stimulus: Blood glucose level rises after eating. Homeostasis: 70–110 mg glucose/ 100 mL blood Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood Stimulus: Blood glucose level drops below set point. Pancreas secretes glucagon. Figure 41.13a Vein carrying blood to liver Muscle layers Villi Intestinal wall Key Nutrient absorption Large circular folds Figure 41.13b Villi Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Lumen Epithelial cells Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Basal surface Lacteal Key Lymph vessel Nutrient absorption Figure 41.14 LUMEN Triglycerides OF SMALL INTESTINE Epithelial cell Fatty acids Monoglycerides Triglycerides Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins Chylomicron Lacteal Figure 41.21 Satiety center Ghrelin Insulin Leptin PYY Figure 41.12-4 Carbohydrate digestion Oral cavity, Polysaccharides Disaccharides pharynx, esophagus Salivary amylase Smaller Maltose polysaccharides Stomach Protein digestion Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion DNA, RNA Fat (triglycerides) Pancreatic nucleases Disaccharides Smaller polypeptides Nucleotides Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Small peptides Small intestine (enzymes from epithelium) Disaccharidases Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase Nucleotidases Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Monosaccharides Amino acids Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates
