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Biology 2121 - Practice Questions - Chapter 9 Name___________________________________ MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 1) A high percentage are found in marathon runners. 2) Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers 1) _______ B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable 2) _______ fibers 3) Contain abundant amounts of 3) _______ glycogen. 4) Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber 4) _______ types. 5) Have very fast-acting myosin 5) _______ ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. 6) Depends on oxygen delivery and 6) _______ aerobic mechanisms. Match the following: 7) The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle. A) Multiple motor unit summation 7) _______ B) Wave summation 8) The phenomenon in which the C) Treppe 8) _______ contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased enzyme efficiency during the warm-up. D) Maximal stimulus 9) Continued sustained smooth 9) _______ contraction due to rapid stimulation. E) Tetanus 10) The situation in which contractions 10) ______ become stronger due to a rapid stimulation rate. Partial relaxation occurs between contractions. 11) How a smooth increase in muscle forc e is produced. 11) ____ __ Match the following: 12) A sarcomere is the distance between two ________. A) I band 12) ______ 13) The ________ contains only the actin B) Z discs 13) ______ A) Myosin 14) ______ B) A band 15) ______ filaments. 14) The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments. 15) Both actin and myosin are found in the ________. 16) The myosin filaments are located in 16) ______ the ________. Match the following: 17) Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules. A) Creatine phosphate 17) ______ B) Calcium ions 18) A neurotransmitter substance 18) ______ released at motor end plates by the axonal endings. C) Acetylcholinesterase 19) A metabolic pathway that provides D) Aerobic respiration 19) ______ for a large amount of ATP per glucose because oxygen is used. Products are water and carbon dioxide and ATP. E) Acetylcholine 20) Normally stored in the terminal 20) ______ cisternae. 21) Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound. 21) ______ 22) Destroys ACh. 22) ______ SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 23) Only ________ muscle cells are multinucleated. 23) ____________ 24) Claudication might more simply be called ________. 24) ____________ 25) The end of the muscle that moves when a muscle contracts is called the ________. 25) ____________ 26) In the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction, ________ is always present. 26) ____________ 27) The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of ________. 27) ____________ 28) ________ (color) fibers are slow (oxidative) fibers. 28) ____________ 29) Only ________ muscle cells branch. 29) ____________ 30) A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________. 30) ____________ 31) Define muscle fatigue. 31) ____________ 32) What is the relationship that occurs in the triad of a skeletal muscle cell? 32) ____________ 33) What are caveoli? 33) ____________ ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 34) Gary was injured in an automobile accident that severed the motor neurons innervating his quadriceps. Even though he has had extensive physical therapy, he is still suffering muscle atrophy. Why is the therapy not working? 35) Aaron arrived at the hospital with the following symptoms: drooping eyelids; fatigue and weakness of his muscles; and difficulty talking, breathing, and swallowing. What was his diagnosis? 36) After removal of an elbow cast, Lauren noticed her arm was immovable. What happened to her arm? 37) A patient has no peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. Explain a possible complication of this condition. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) A A B A B A 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) D C E B A 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) B A A B B 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) B E D B A C 23) skeletal 24) limping 25) insertion 26) acetylcholinesterase 27) contraction 28) Red 29) cardiac 30) tetanus 31) Fatigue occurs when ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use even though the muscle still receives stimuli. 32) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for calcium ions in the cell's normal resting state. The T tubule is a fold in the cell membrane between the sarcoplasmic reticuli. When an impulse is activated by a nerve, the polarity of the cell membrane reverses and repels the calcium ions that would otherwise be attracted to the the T tubule. The calcium ions are flushed out where they interact with the troponin complex to initiate a contraction. Once the axon stops firing, the membrane polarity is quickly restored and the calcium ions are pulled off the troponin and attracted back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 33) Folds on the surface of smooth muscle cells that correspond to T tubules in skeletal muscle cells. 34) In denervation atrophy, fibrous connective tissue replaces the muscle tissue that was lost. When atrophy is complete, fibrous tissue cannot be reversed to muscle tissue. 35) Aaron probably has myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease), which involves a shortage of ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction. 36) Two things have occurred to Lauren while she was convalescing from her injury. First, the immobilization of the arm caused some muscle mass to atrophy. Second, the loss of muscle was replaced with tough connective tissue that locked her arm in place. With therapy the tissue can be stretched or torn enough to return the full range of motion. 37) Peristalsis is wavelike movement produced by the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of the intestinal walls that propels the intestinal contents forward. Without peristalsis, the patient would be unable to expel their stool, leading to intestinal obstruction.