Download biopharmaceutical and bioproducts

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND
BIOPRODUCTS
BY PUAN AZDUWIN BINTI KHASRI
6 DECEMBER 2012
INTRODUCTION
• A drug is any absorbed
substance that changes
or enhances a physical or
psychological function in
the body.
• A drug can be a gas, a
liquid, or a solid.
• Drugs have been used by
humans for thousands of
years to alleviate pain and
illness.
NAMING DRUGS
• The most accurate names of drugs are the
chemical names that define their structures.
• A proprietary name (trade name or brand
name) identifies a commercial product and
distinguishes it from other products.
• Each drug is also given a generic name that
any pharmaceutical company can use to
identify the product.
EXAMPLE OF DRUGS
Trade name: Benzocaine
Generic name: Benzocaine
Chemical name: Ethyl paraaminobenzoate
Trade name: Novocain
Generic name: Procaine
Chemical name: 2(diethylamino)ethyl 4aminobenzoate
LEAD COMPOUNDS
• The goal of the medicinal chemist is to find
compounds that have potent effects on given
diseases, with minimum side effects.
• A naturally occurring drug can serve as a
prototype (lead compound).
• Analogs of the lead compound are synthesized in
order to find one that might have improved
therapeutic properties or fewer side effects.
• Changing the structure of the lead compound is
called molecular modification.
MOLECULAR MODIFICATION-COCAINE
• Lead compound: Cocaine is a highly effective local
anesthetic, but it produces disturbing effects on the central
nervous system(CNS).
• Improved: Retains the local anesthetic property without CNS
effects.
Molecular Modification
Anesthetics
Analgesics
RANDOM SCREENING
• A random screen, also known as a blind
screen,is a search for a pharmacologically
active compound without having any
information about which chemical structures
might show activity.
• An important part of random screening is
recognizing an effective compound
Serendipity in Drug DevelopmentThe Tranquilizer Librium
• The Tranquilizer Librium -another drug that
was discovered accidentally.
Structural modification of Librium led to the generation
of other tranquilizers:
Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Penicillin destroys bacteria by inhibiting the enzyme that
synthesizes bacterial cell walls:
Bacteria develop resistance to penicillin by secreting
penicillinase, which destroys penicillin:
12
One penicillinase inhibitor is a sulfone, which is easily
prepared from penicillin by oxidizing the sulfur atom with
a peroxyacid
Mechanism of Penicillinase Inhibition by Sulfone
14
Antiviral Drugs
Antiviral drugs (antivirotics) are a class
of medication used specifically for treating viral
infection
Viruses are smaller than bacteria.
A virus consists of nucleic acid—either DNA or RNA—
surrounded by a coat of protein.
Most antiviral drugs are analogs of nucleosides,
interfering with DNA or RNA synthesis.
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
Type of antiviral drugs
• Acyclovir : can fool the virus into incorporating it
instead of guanine into the virus’s DNA.
• Cytarabine: used for acute myelocytic leukemia,
competes with cytosine for incorporation into
viral DNA.
• Ribarvirin :is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent
that inhibits viral mRNA synthesis
• Idoxuridine: for the topical treatment of ocular
infections (U.S only), it is used for herpes
infections in other countries.
THE END