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Chapter 22 Honors U.S. History Policy and Practice of taking over other nations to gain more power Could be done through military occupation or through economic domination of resources and markets Racism/Social Righteousness Mahanism Economics Darwinism Starting at the bottom of page 581 (Ideological Arguments), read through the top of page 585 Fill out the sheet carefully as you go Social Darwinism The United States is “better”, therefore we must conquer Doing this for the good of the world Imposed American ideas and cultures on the rest of the world Colonialism U.S. rule of foreign territories The white man must righteously assume rule and take over “incompetent” or “barbaric races” in other lands The forcing of Christianity on others “Imperialism Missionaries of righteousness” felt it was their duty to “save” the “savages” with Christianity The US had to develop new policies to protect and promote its national security and interests All about making the U.S. the biggest military power in the world emphasized the importance of a strong Navy for national greatness in his book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History Proposed 3 main ideas that he thought would accomplish this goal Teddy Roosevelt, as Sec of Navy, “No triumph of peace is quite as great as the supreme triumph of war” They are….. Proposed that the US build a canal across the isthmus of Panama to link its coasts Acquire naval bases in the Caribbean and the Pacific to protect the canal Annex Hawaii and other Pacific islands to promote trade and service the fleet One reason for the widespread support for a larger navy was its use to expand and protect America’s international trade Simple idea gave the U.S. larger markets, more profits, and more jobs William Seward Previously Lincoln’s Secretary of State Purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 Most were confused as to why we wanted Alaska Made He fun of Seward for the purchase wanted more…wanted to purchase Haiti and Dominican Republic also Main goal was a canal in Panama “Purely American waterway” “Part He of our coastline” had other wants…. The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 effectively closed the US market to Hawaiian sugar producers, facing them with economic ruin The goal was to make them poor and powerless, so the U.S. could buy them Wanted to keep Hawaii under native control This was not in the interests of the United States, so they found a way to prevent it Behind the scenes, John Stevens, the American minister to Hawaii, ordered the Marines to help rebels overthrow the Queen After the Queen had been overthrown, he sent a telegram to Washington stating: “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it” A group from the new Hawaiian government was sent to Washington to work out the details of the treaty of annexation NO HAWAIIANS on the delegation President Harrison signed the pact, but could not get approval from the Senate before the end of his term Cleveland called for an investigation into the whole affair, and decided “the undoubted sentiment of the people is for the Queen, against the provisional Government, and against annexation.” Cleveland apologized for the “flagrant wrong” One big problem, the provisional government refused to step down Many Republicans strongly supported annexation, Democrats generally opposed annexation Democrats “the mission of our nation is to build up and make a greater country out of what we have, instead of annexing islands” American sailors on shore leave in Chile became involved in a drunken brawl 2 dead; 17 injured President Harrison threatened military retaliation against Chile Harrison was ready to invade Chile and make it our next American conquest Harrison finally backed off when Chile apologized and paid the U.S. President Cleveland intervened in a boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over British Guiana The U.S. seized on this opportunity to divert public attention from a severe economic depression Note was sent to Britain, a “twenty inch gun” demanding arbitration of the disputed territory and stoutly asserting American supremacy in the Western hemisphere The American population was ready to go to war with Britain over this dispute The message was sent that the United States is in control of the Western Hemisphere Cuba was the last major European colony in Latin America America was obviously interested in it due to its economic potential Spanish rule over the Cubans became increasingly harsh Cubans rebelled in 1895, rebels controlled the countryside and the Spanish army ruled the towns and cities America felt sympathy for the Cuban insurgents because of the brutality of the Spanish American’s sympathy was further aroused by the sensationalist “yellow press” The popular press of the day adopted bold headlines, fevered editorials, and real or exaggerated stories of violence, sex, and corruption Attracted attention, if not truth… A circulation war existed between William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World Both men were competing to be the best paper President McKinley was focused on Cuba, claiming that the chronic disorder in Cuba disrupted America’s investments and agitated public opinion Tried diplomatic efforts at first but warned would do whatever necessary In early 1898, the New York Journal published a private letter from the Spanish minister to the U.S. It mocked McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” On Feb 15, 1898, the US battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor, killing 260 men TR: , “it was an act of dirty treachery on the part of the Spaniards”, and told McKinley, “only war was compatible with our national honor” Spain had nothing to do with it Studies done later showed that it was an internal accident None of that mattered though… The sinking itself did not bring war, but it inflamed the public People read the daily headlines and became more and more angry McKinley demanded 3 things from Spain: • he demanded an armistice in Cuba • and end to the reconcentration policy • the acceptance of American arbitration, which implied Cuban independence Spain countered by abolishing the reconcentration camps and declaring an armistice It was too little and too late; America was already preparing for war Congress declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898 Other countries were suspicious of the United States’ motives behind this Some national leaders accused the United States of blatant imperialism, so Congress added the Teller Amendment disclaiming any intention of annexing Cuba and promising that Cubans would govern themselves The most decisive and important battle of the war took place in the Philippines, not Cuba This battle involved the Navy Battle of Manila Bay Strategic Close Close harbor to China Economic to Hawaii “To maintain our flag in the Philippines, we must raise our flgag in Hawaii Congress approved annexation of Hawaii soon after Once again, native Hawaiians were not involved or allowed to have a say Same pattern would soon follow in the Philippines Victory Both The came rather quickly in Cuba sides proved to be inept though United States would win, but only because they made less mistakes than the Spanish Americans wore wool uniforms in sweltering heat Soldiers More were served poisoned food than 5000 died of diseases, only 379 killed in battle TR fought in this war Leader of the Rough Riders 10th Negro cavalry led final decisive charge up San Juan Hill Rough Riders led by TR, captured public attention, and undue credit at times the RR got the credit because of TR’s selfserving and well promoted account of the conflict Required Spain to accept Cuban independence Give up control of Puerto Rico and Guam Allow the Americans to occupy Manila Bay until peace with Philippines is final Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam indicated the expansionist nature the conflict had assumed for the US Wasn’t enough though… Decided Spain to keep the Philippines agreed, against Filipino wishes for independence, to cede the Philippines to the US McKinley defended his decision in a selfrighteous imperialist rhetoric, promising to extend Christian influence and American values Sparked a huge debate over the ratification of the Treaty of Paris Economic Expansion Strategic Necessity Religious and Racial responsibilities “The conquest by force of arms must be followed up by conquest for Christ” Only one problem with this….Most Filipino’s were…???? Notable opponents • Mark Twain • Jane Addams • Andrew Carnegie Anti-Imperialists! Campaigned against the treaty, distributing pamphlets, petitioning Congress, and holding rallies Insisted that Imperialism went against the values of the Declaration of Independence Other arguments were less high minded Many anti-imperialists objected to expansion on the racist grounds that Filipinos were inferior and uncivilized Others feared cheap labor they could provide Roosevelt called the anti-Imperialists “little better than traitors.” Finally, on Feb 6, 1899, the Senate narrowly ratified the treaty All but two Republicans supported the treaty Most Democrats opposed it William Jennings Bryan (D) William McKinley (R) Bryan attempted to make the election of 1900 a referendum on the paramount issue of Imperialism, promising to free the Philippines if the Democrats won Imperialism election was not the main issue in the Many Anti-Imperialists were conservatives who did not like Bryan’s economic plan People also supported McKinley because of how the country prospered after the hard 1890’s and because he nominated the hero of San Juan Hill, “TR” as his VP Filipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, welcomed U.S. naval victory as the sign of an alliance Issued Dec. of Independence But when the Americans arrived they refused to meet with those “savages”, and wanted them to back down from their “so called government” Filipinos felt betrayed when the US officially took over after the Treaty of Paris, soon a war erupted US had to use nearly 4 times as many soldiers to suppress the Filipinos as to defeat Spain in Cuba Employed many of the same brutal methods for which it had condemned Spain US crowded nearly 200,000 civilians into concentration camps; Many killed “I am in glory when I can sight my gun on some dark skin and pull the trigger” Killed men, women, children, prisoners, and captives from age 10 and up The United States established an official colonial government in 1902 William Howard Taft was the first governor general Established new schools and roads Public health system TR’s first priority as President Where to build the canal was a question, some favored Nicaragua, and the rest Panama In 1903, Roosevelt pressed Columbia to sell a canal zone to the United States for 10 million and an annual payment of $250,000 Columbia rejected the proposal TR was furious, “those contemptible little creatures in Columbia”, they are “imperiling their own future.” Wanted Congress to simply approve military action instead of trying to pay them TR decided to try and work through Philippe Bunau-Varilla French official of the Panama Canal Company TR ordered US Naval forces to Panama and Bunau-Varilla coordinated a revolt against Columbian authority directed by officials of the Panama railroad Was a “bloodless revolution” and it succeeded when U.S. forces prevented Columbian troops from landing in Panama Bunau-Varilla then signed a treaty accepting Roosevelt’s original terms for a canal zone US took total control of the canal zone in 1904 and completed construction of the Panama Canal in 1914 Many were appalled at TR’s decision of how to acquire the canal Others wanted a canal so bad it didn’t matter how the United States obtained it Attempted to justify U.S. intervention and authority in the region “The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the surrounding premises When Taft becomes President, there are changes to our approach with other nations Dollar Diplomacy “Substituting dollars for bullets” Dollar diplomacy increased American power and influence in the Caribbean and tied underdeveloped countries to the US economically and strategically Failed to improve conditions for most Latin Americans Democrat Promised to “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” and would work to promote human rights, national integrity, and opportunity Named William Jennings Bryan Secretary of State and immediately signed a treaty with Columbia apologizing for TR’s seizure of the Panama Canal BUT………………………. But he would become the most interventionist president in American History Racist Thought Latin Americans were inferior and needed paternalistic guidance from the United States