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In the Late Middle Ages
England
 William the Conqueror,
leader of the Norman Conquest,
conquered and united
most of England.
 Battle of Hastings marked beginning of Norman rule of
England
 Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry
II.
 King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s
power.
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It asserted that the nobles had certain rights
It made it clear that the monarch must obey the law
 King Edward summons the first Parliament
France
 Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris,
and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over
most of France.
The Hundred Years War
 Time – 1337-1453 A.D.
 Location - France and the Low Countries
 Reason – Two kings claimed to be King of France
 Key Players
 Joan of Arc, French peasant
 Henry V – England
 Charles VII – France
 Phillip IV – France
The Hundred Years War
 Results
 French victory
 Raised nationalism and patriotism in
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England – we don’t want to be French anymore
France – keep those stinkin’ English out of our country
 French King strengthened
 English King weakened
 Decline of knights and mounted cavalry
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Longbow
Standing armies begin to replace knights as military force
Spain
 Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country (finished
the Reconquista) and expelled Muslim Moors (1492)
and later the Jews.
 Spanish Empire in the
Western Hemisphere
expanded under
Philip II.
 The Inquisition
 To eliminate heresy
Mongol Armies
 Invaded Russia, China and Muslim states in southwest
Asia, destroying cities and countryside
 Created an Empire
Russia
 Ivan the Great threw off the
rule of the Mongols,
centralized power in Moscow,
and expanded the Russian
nation.
 Power was centralized in the
hands of the tsar.
 The Eastern Orthodox Church
influenced unification.
Why Called?
 To recapture lands conquered by Muslims
 To protect Christians
in the Holy Land
Key Events
 The capture of Jerusalem by Muslim armies, 638 A.D.
 Pope Urban II’s speech, 1095 A.D.
 Capture of Jerusalem by Crusaders, 1099 A.D.
 Founding of Crusader states, 1099-1291 A.D.
 Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin, 1187 A.D.
 Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders, 1204 A.D.
Effects
 Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened
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monarchs
Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area
and the Middle East
Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and
Muslims
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Prevented Muslim conquest of Europe
Christians didn’t gain ultimate control of Holy Lands
Constantinople
 Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the
Byzantine Empire
 Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire
The Bubonic Plague
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Impact
 Decline in population
 Scarcity of labor
 Towns freed from feudal obligations
 Decline of church influence
 Disruption of Trade
Church Scholars
 Were among the very few who could read and write
 Worked in monasteries
 Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
 Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and
science available in Europe
 Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in
Europe
The Decline of the Catholic Church
 Common Problems
 Clergy marrying
 Simony
 Control of church offices by nobles and kings
 Who is more powerful? Pope or King?
 Pope Boniface VII vs. King Phillip IV
 Pope said he was “absolutely necessary for the salvation
of every human creature.”
 Phillip had Boniface arrested; Pope died shortly after
The Great Schism of the Catholic
Church
 1305 – new pope elected (Clement V)
 He moved pope’s HQs to
Avignon, France
 1378 – Pope Urban VI elected
(Italian)
 1379 – French elect their own pope (Clement VII)
 1414 – Council of Constance called to resolve problem
 They get rid of both
 Elect another
 Now THREE popes!
 1417 – Another council got rid of all three
 Ended controversy
Gothic Architecture
 Style of Building
 Characteristics
 Stained Glass
 Flying Buttress
 Pointed Arches
 Ribbed Vaults