Download 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

2.04 Understand the
functions and disorders of the
lymphatic system
2.04 Understand the
functions and disorders
of the lymphatic system
■
■
■
■
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
What is the importance of the lymphatic system as
it relates to immunity?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to
the lymphatic system?
What are some disorders of the lymphatic system
and how are they treated?
2.04 Understand the functions and
disorders of the lymphatic system
2
The Lymphatic System
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
■A.
Fluid balance
■B.
Lymphocyte production
■C.
Filtration
■D.
Immunity
3
Fluid balance
Why is this important?
■The
lymphatic system can be described as a
drainage system of the human body
■retrieves and carries excess fluids from tissues to
the bloodstream
■ in close association with the circulatory system
■ a one-way flow, not a circulation.
What happens during this process?
■retrieves
and carries excess fluids from tissues to
the bloodstream
■What
____
Fluid
IN
____
Fluid
OUT
is the relevance to health?
4
Lymphocyte production
What are lymphocytes?
■A
small white blood cellA small white blood
cell (leukocyte) that plays a large role in
defending the body against disease
What do they do?
■Lymphocytes
are responsible for immune
responses.
■There are two main types of lymphocytes:
■B cellsLymphocytes are responsible for
immune responses. There are two main types of
lymphocytes: B cells and
■T cells. The B cells make antibodies that attack
bacteria and toxins while the T cells attack body
cells themselves when they have been taken over
by viruses or have become cancerous.
5
Filtration
■What
does a filter do?
■pass
(a liquid, gas, light, or sound) through a device to
remove unwanted material
■How
do filters relate to the lymphatic
system?
■filters
the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as
bacteria and cancer cells.
■When bacteria are recognized in the lymph fluid, the lymph
nodes make more infection-fighting white blood cells, which
cause the nodes to swell.
■The swollen nodes are sometimes felt in the neck, under the
arms, and groin.
6
Immunity
What is immunity?
■the
ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin
by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells
Think about how
sneezing relates to
immunity.
■Sneezing
helps keep your body safe.
■Sneezes protect your body by clearing the nose of bacteria and viruses,
■Fun Fact: "Sneezes travel at about 100 miles per hour,"
Natural (Innate) Immunity
Discuss natural immunity
■Immunity
that is naturally existing
■is so named because it is present at birth
■does not have to be learned through exposure to an
invader
■provides an immediate response
to foreign invaders
8
Natural immunity
Examples of innate immunity
include:
• Cough reflex
• Enzymes in tears and skin oils
• Mucus, which traps bacteria
and small particles
• Skin
• Stomach acid
• white blood cells
9
Acquired immunity:
■
Acquired immunity is immunity that develops with
exposure to various antigens. Your immune system builds
a defense against that specific antigen.
Acquired immunity: Passive
1.due to antibodies that are produced in a body other than your own
•Infants have passive immunity because they are born with antibodies
that are transferred through the placenta from their mother. These
antibodies disappear between ages 6 and 12 months.
2. may also be due to injection of antiserum, which contains antibodies
that are formed by another person or animal
•provides immediate protection against
an antigen, but does not provide long-lasting
protection
•Examples: Immune serum globulin
(given for hepatitis exposure) and tetanus
antitoxin
The Lymphatic System
Acquired immunity: Active Natural
What is the relevance to health?
12
The Lymphatic System
Acquired immunity: Active
■Artificial
■Discuss
Acquired immunity
Artificial
Active
13
Acquired immunity
Active Artificial
Should immunizations be required?
Why or why not?
14
The Lymphatic System
REVIEW
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
1
2
3
4
How are these functions relevant to health?
15
Tonsillitis
What are the symptoms?
In childhood, they may
become infected, enlarged,
cause difficulty swallowing
Tonsillectomy in extreme
cases
1.
2.
3.
What are the usual
treatments?
Antibiotics if bacterial
◆Tonsillectomy in extreme
cases
◆
Why would you have
your tonsils removed?
Chronic infections/extreme cases
◆
16
Lymphadenitis
What is it?
Lymph aden itis
■Inflammation
of lymph nodes
■Occurs when body is attempting to fight off
an infection
■Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and
fungi
What are the symptoms?
■Swelling
of lymph nodes, fever, chills, sweating, rapid pulse and
weakness
How is it treated?
■Infection
specific such as antibiotics or antivirals and apply moist
compresses to affected area
17
Lymphedema
What is it?
■refers
to swelling that generally occurs in
one/both of your arms or legs
What causes it?
■commonly
caused by the removal of or
damage to your lymph nodes as a part of
cancer treatment
■results from a blockage in your lymphatic
vessels
■blockage prevents lymph fluid from draining
well, and the fluid buildup leads to swelling.
How is it treated?
■no
cure
■can be managed with early diagnosis and diligent
care of your affected limb
18
Scleroderma
What is it? Hardening of the skin
■a
group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of
the skin and connective tissues — the fibers that provide the framework
and support for your body
■In some people, scleroderma affects only the skin. But in many people,
scleroderma also harms structures beyond the skin — such as
blood vessels, internal organs and the digestive tract.
■Signs and symptoms vary, depending on which structures are affected.
What causes it?
■Scleroderma
results from an overproduction and accumulation of
collagen in body tissues. Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes
up your body's connective tissues, including your skin.
■Although doctors aren't sure what prompts this abnormal collagen
production, the body's immune system appears to play a role. For
unknown reasons, the immune system turns against the body,
producing inflammation and the overproduction of collagen.
Cancer
What is cancer?
■Cancer
is the uncontrolled growth of
abnormal cells in the body. It is named for the
organ or type of cell in which it starts growing.
Who gets cancer?
■Anyone—certain
people are susceptible to
certain types of cancer
Why is it included in the
lymphatic system?
■Because
cancer cells “hitch a ride” on lymph
system and spreads to distant areas of the body
http://www.cancercenter.com/whatis-cancer/
20
21
Hodgkin’s disease- type of lymphoma
What is Hodgkin’s disease?
■Rare
cancer of the lymph nodes
■Cause unknown
What are the symptoms?
■Painless
swelling of lymph nodes, unexplained fevers, night sweats and fatigue
■Weight loss and itchy skin
How is it treated?
■Chemotherapy
and radiation
■If caught early it can be treated successfully
Who is most likely to develop Hodgkin’s disease?
■Male,
young or older adult, Epstein-Barr infection
Infectious Mononucleosis
Called Kissing Disease
■Caused
by virus
■2. Frequently in young adults and
■children
■3. Spread by oral contact (kissing)
■4. Symptoms – enlarged lymph
nodes,
fever, physical and mental fatigue,
↑ leukocytes
■5. Rx- bedrest
23
System Lupus Erythematosus- SLE
What is it?
■Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a variety of structures
in the body—connective tissue in general
■Attacks joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels and brain
■CAUSE UNKNOWN
What is the classic symptom of lupus?
■Butterfly rash over bridge of nose and cheeks
■Fatigue, joint pain and stiffness, fever and kidney disease
What other symptoms might present?
■chest pain, hair loss, swollen lymph nodes, anemia,
heart problems, atherosclerosis, depression or anxiety
24
How is lupus managed?
NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs—
ibuprofen, naproxen), DMARDS (disease
modifying anti-rheumatic drugs—injected gold,
methotrexate or plaquinil), steroids and
immunosuppressants
What is the prognosis?
Can be chronic or show relapsing or
remitting pattern (come and go)
25
Anaphylactic shock
◆
What is it?
◆
Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of
histamine
◆
What happens to these body systems?
♦
♦
♦
♦
Nervous system- hypotension, headache
Digestive system-stomach cramps and vomiting
Respiratory system- dyspnea/airways close
Integumentary system-rashes, facial swelling
What is the treatment?
◆ Rx – adrenaline (epinephrine= epi pen
◆ Those who have hypersensitivity to bee
stings should wear a medic alert bracelet
26
AIDS/HIV-directly kills helper T-cells, destroys lymph nodes, decreases
immune enhancing chemicals in the body
How is it diagnosed?
-blood test and medical history
What do these terms mean?
♦
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
-virus that causes AIDS
-incubation period= 1 month to 12 years
♦
ARC- Aids-related complex
- less severe symptoms
- enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea
♦
AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
-Compromised Immune System--subject to opportunistic infections that a
healthy person would fight off (cancers- Kaposi’s sarcoma, infections27
pneumocystis carinii)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
How is it transmitted?
■sex
with HIV+ person
■Sharing needles with infected drug users
■At birth from infected mother
■Cannot be spread by casual contact, coughing, sneezing,
shaking hands and sharing eating utensils.
What is the incubation period? (how long before it shows up)
-1 month to 12 years
What are the symptoms?
28
How is it treated?
■
■
■
■
■
Dilate blood vessels. Blood pressure medications that dilate blood
vessels may help prevent lung and kidney problems and may help treat
Raynaud's disease.
Suppress the immune system. Drugs that suppress the immune
system, such as those taken after organ transplants, may help reduce
scleroderma symptoms.
Reduce stomach acid. Medications such as omeprazole (Prilosec) can
relieve symptoms of acid reflux.
Prevent infections. Antibiotic ointment may help prevent infection of
fingertip ulcers caused by Raynaud's phenomenon. Regular influenza
and pneumonia vaccinations can help protect lungs that have been
damaged by scleroderma.
Relieve pain. If over-the-counter pain relievers don't help enough, you
can ask your doctor to prescribe stronger medications.
Complications
■
amputations and organ transplants
29
2.04 Understand the
functions and disorders
of the lymphatic system
■
■
■
■
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
What is the importance of the lymphatic system as
it relates to immunity?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to
the lymphatic system?
What are some disorders of the lymphatic system
and how are they treated?
30