Download A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach

COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT – A Regional
approach
Mr. Ante BARIC, Ph.D.,
Consultant to the UNEP/MAP
Regional Consultation Meeting “Climatic Change Impact in the Arab Region:
Sea Level Rise, Coastal Erosion and Human Development”
Cairo, 20 – 21 September 2010
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Introductory comments
The tasks, given in the instruction for preparing the
presentation, are very broad and rather
complex. For their detailed elaboration it would
be needed much more time than proposed 12
minutes. Therefore, I decided to focus my
presentation on the regional approach to the
Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the
Climate Change issues.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Structure
• Coastal zones, particularly in the Mediterranean
• ICZM
• ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean
• Impacts of the Climate change on costal zone
• ICZM and climatic change in the
Mediterranean??
• Regional UNEP/MAP Projects
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Coastal zone, particularly in the Mediterranean,
under heavy pressures by:
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Tourism
• Fisheries
• Mariculture
• Maritime transport
• Sand exploitation
• Land based pollution
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Impacts on the Coastal zone
• Destruction of habitats and reduction in
biodiversity
• Loss of wetlands
• Coastal erosion
• Reduced quality of seawater
• Decline in fisheries
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Critical issues in the CZ Management
• Desire to get as close to the coastline as possible
• Incompatibility of various land uses which cannot exist in
juxtaposition.
• Private ownership of coastal land which prevents public
from the free access to the coastline.
• The long-term goals for conservation of coastal
resources is often incompatible with the desire for a
short-term economic profit interests.
•The provision of “environmental” services is often not in
accordance with the rate of economic development.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)??
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)
means a dynamic process for the sustainable
management and use of coastal zones, taking
into account at the same time the fragility of
coastal ecosystems and landscapes, the
diversity of activities and uses, their interactions,
the maritime orientation of certain activities and
uses and their impact on both the marine and
land parts.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Objectives of ICZM are to:
• Facilitate the sustainable development of CZ by ensuring that the
environment and landscapes are taken into account in harmony with
economic, social and cultural development;
• Preserve of coastal zones for benefits of current and future
generation;
• Ensure sustainable use of natural resources;
• Ensure preservation of the integrity of coastal ecosystems,
landscapes and geomorphology;
• Prevent and/or reduce the effects of natural hazards and in
particular of climate change, which can be induced by natural or
human activities;
• Achieve coherence between public and private initiative and
between all decisions by the public authorities, at the national,
regional and local levels, which effect the use of coastal zone.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol in the Mediterranean
• Signed in Madrid, on 21 January 2008
• Ratified by 5 CPs, so far; (2 more ratifications need for entry into
force)
• Bold: the first international legal instrument that provides a clear
definition of the coastal zone and requires the definition of the
coastal setback.
• Innovative: tackles a number of issues for the first time ever in the
field of ICZM legislation such as: islands; cultural heritage; land
policy; economic, financial and fiscal instruments; natural hazards;
and coastal erosion. Not only does the Protocol mention these
issues, but it also puts forward the specific requirements that the
Contracting Parties will have to fulfill.
• Forward-looking and proactive: It aims at preventing and not only
reacting to coastal problems.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Protocol is precise in:
• defining the coastal zone
• defining the Integrated Coastal Zone Management
• defining the coastal setback
• formulation and development of coastal strategies
• formulation of Environmental Impact Assessment and
Strategic Environmental Assessment
• developing policies for preventing natural hazards,
particularly those resulting from the climate change
• applying the ecosystems approach to coastal planning
and management
• reporting on the implementation of the Protocol
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Impacts of the Climate change on coastal
zone
•
•
•
•
•
Increased coastal erosion;
Loss of land;
Worsenining flooding in delta areas, lagoon coasts;
Increased salinization in estuaries;
Shrinkage of fresh water-tables, intrusion of saltwater
into aquifers;
• Changes in marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Impacts of the Climate change on costal
erosion in the region - in principle are due
to:
• sea level rise
• increase number of extreme events
(storms, strong winds, floods, heavy rains,
etc.)
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Coastal erosion – complex issue
Natural causes:
• Sea level rise – Climatic changes
• Coastal subsidence due to tectonic events
• Changing of the storm intensities, shift of the dominant storm
directions affecting the approach angle of waves - Climatic changes;
• Variation of precipitation and the river regimes and discharges Climatic changes;
• Increased vegetation cover over the river watersheds due to climatic
changes (causing decreased soil erosion and sediment supplied to
the coast);
• Sediment sinks (presence of offshore canyons, movement to great
depths at steep slopes, wind transport of sand to inland areas);
• Changing of river courses and mouths in deltas.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Anthropogenic causes:
• Decreasing sediment supply by rivers to the coastal zone (cutting of
the sediment transport by damming the rivers, sand and gravel
mining along the river beds, decreasing the sediment transport
efficiency by lowering water discharges due to increased fresh water
use or due to river works such as bank and bed erosion control);
• Erosion control works and afforestation in coastal and riverine
watersheds;
• Decreasing the volume of sand in the physiographic unit (sand
mining from the beach and dunes, offshore sand mining);
• Alteration of the usual pattern of coastal currents and the associated
sediment transport along and across the shoreline, due to manmade coastal structures and urban development too close to the
shoreline;
• Anthropogenic changes made to river courses and mouths in deltas;
• Maintenance dredging of approach channels and estuarine inlets;
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
ICZM and Climatic Change in the Mediterranean??
Article 22 of the ICZM Protocol
“Within the framework of national strategies for ICZM, the Parties shall
develop polices for the prevention of natural standards. To this end,
they shall undertake vulnerability and hazard assessment of coastal
zones and take prevention, mitigation and adaptation measures to
address the effects of natural disasters, in particular of climatic
change.”
• ICZM should seek to integrate all key issues of critical importance to
the management of coastal resources and resource use – including
climate change adaptation;
• Climatic change should not be an issue outside of an ICZM
framework.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
MCSD at the 13 meeting in Sept. 2009:
• called the CPs to implement adaptation measures on an urgent
basis with a view to strengthening the resilience of the
Mediterranean region in the face climate change and adaptation;
• Compiled of a matrix of key adaptation to climate change actions to
be taken at different levels of intervention (regional, national, local);
16th CPs meeting emphasised the need for:
• the Med. Region to collectively build a strong coalition and
partnership for action on adaptation to climate change;
• regional coordination for adaptation to climate change;
• sharing of domestic adaptation related experience and tools
including the needs for capacity building;
• enhanced knowledge and scientific assessment as tools for policy
makers to incorporate measures into adaptation plans.
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Marrakesh Declaration – adopted on 4 Nov. 2009 by the Ministers of
the Environment and Heads of Delegations of the CPs:
• Concluded that adaptation to climate change in the marine coastal
zone is a major priority for the Mediterranean region, which requires
regional guidance and coordination;
• Mandated the MAP to explore the possibility of enriching the MCSD
with regional action plans including one on adaptation to climate
change, and to integrate adaptation into development policies at the
national level;
• Called for strengthening the Mediterranean cooperation, enhancing
the institutional mechanism, particularly to provide a mechanism for
exchanges and the sharing of experience and knowledge with other
regions of the world;
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
Regional UNEP/MAP projects
1.
Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Sea LME - supported by GEF, under
implementation
Objectives:
•
To support the Med. countries to implement the SAPMED and SAPBIO;
•
To support the Med. countries to implement the ICZM Protocol
2. Integration of Climatic variability and change into national strategies to implement the
ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean – under preparation within the framework of
UNEP GEF PPG
Objective:
To support the Med. countries to address the issue of climate change in the coastal zone
of the Mediterranean
3. Regional Adaptation Framework for Climate Change – under preparation
Objective:
To support the Med. Countries in building a strong coalition and partnership for action on
adaptation to climate change
A. BARIC - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT – A Regional approach
THANK YOU !