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Context Clues Unlocking the meanings of words What are context clues? • Context – the circumstances in which something can be fully understood. • We use context clues to help determine the meanings of unfamiliar words when we encounter them in a text. Strategy One: Roots • The root of a word can help provide a clue of its origin and meaning – Find the root – Connect the meaning of that root to other words in the sentence. – Ex. Divination Strategy Two: Prefixes and Suffixes • The beginning and ends of words often hold clues to their meaning. – Ex. Antiestablishment – Ex. Happless Common Prefixes anti- against de- opposite dis-* not, opposite of en-, em- cause to fore- before in-, im- in in-, im-, il-, ir-* not intermid- middle mis- wrongly non- not over- over pre- before re-* again semi- half sub- under super- above trans- across un-* not under- under antifreeze defrost disagree encode, embrace forecast infield injustice, impossible between interact midway misfire nonsense overlook prefix return semicircle submarine superstar transport unfriendly undersea Common Suffixes -able, -ible can be done -al, -ial having characteristics of -ed* past-tense verbs -en made of -er comparative -er, one who -est comparative -ful full of -ic having characteristics of -ing* verb form/ present participle -ion, -tion, act, process -ation, ition -ity, -ty state of -ive, -ative, -itive adjective form of a noun -less without -ly* characteristic of -ment action or process -ness state of, condition of -ous, -eous, -ious possessing the qualities of -s, -es* more than one -y characterized by comfortable personal hopped wooden higher worker, actor biggest careful linguistic running occasion, attraction infinity plaintive fearless quickly enjoyment kindness joyous books, boxes happy Strategy Three: Surrounding Words • Words that accompany unfamiliar words can often give a clue to what this word means. • Nouns are modified by adjectives • Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs are modified by Adverbs. • Nouns often follow prepositions Strategy Four: Substitutions using antonyms and synonyms. • Step One: Identify and roots, prefixes, or suffixes. • Step Two: Insert another word that means the same thing (synonym) in place of the suffix, prefix, or root. • Step Three: Insert a word that means the opposite (antonym) in place of the suffix, prefix, or root. – Ex. Antinationalistic