Download Cold War and After

Cold War and After
History since Vietnam
Margaret Thatcher
• British prime minister
• Free trade and less government regulation of
business
• Close relationship with United States and U.S.
foreign policy
• Assertion of United Kingdom’s military power
Mikhail Gorbachev
• Glasnost and perestroika: openness and
economic reform
• Fall of the Berlin Wall
• Last president of Soviet Union
Deng Xiaoping
• Reformed Communist China’s economy to a
market economy leading to rapid economic
growth
• Continued communist control of government
Indira Gandhi
• Closer relationship between India and the
Soviet Union during the Cold War
• Developed nuclear program
Regional setting for the Indian
independence movement
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Indian sub-continent
British India – British controlled since 1763
India
Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)
Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)
Indian Independence movement
• Leadership of Mohandas Gandhi
• Role of civil disobedience and passive
resistance
• Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines –
Pakistan/India
• Republic of India
– World’s largest democratic nation
– Federal system, giving many powers to the states
Indian democracy
• Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi,
supported western-style industrialization
• 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste
discrimination
• Ethnic and religious differences caused
problems in the development of India as a
democratic nation
• New economic development has helped to
ease financial problems of the nation
Independence movement in Africa
• Right to self-determination (U.N. charter)
• Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War
II
• Pride in African cultures and heritage
• Resentment of imperial rule and economic
exploitation
• Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France,
Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower
rivalry during the Cold War
Independence movements and
subsequent development efforts
• West Africa: Peaceful transition
• Algeria: War of Independence from France
• Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under
leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
• South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle
against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela,
who became the first black president of the
Republic of South Africa
Jomo Kenyatta
• After the British granted
independence to Kenya in 1963, this
man became the first prime minister
and worked hard to unite the
various ethnic and language groups
inside the country. Once Kenya was
a republic, he was the first
president.
Nelson Mandela
• This leader of the ANC at first supported
non violent methods of achieving
equality in South Africa but later turned
to more violent methods. He was
arrested and spent 27 years in prison.
Once South Africa held free elections,
he was elected the first black president.
Apartheid
• This was the system of laws that
separated the white from the black
South Africans.
Desmond Tutu
• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
1984, this Anglican Archbishop
supported economic sanctions
against his own country and other
nonviolent means to challenge the
system of racial segregation in South
Africa.
Mandates in the Middle East
• Established by the League of Nations
• Granted independence after World War II
• Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by
religious differences
French and British mandates in the
Middle East
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Syria-French
Lebanon-French
Jordon (originally Transjordan)- British
Palestine (a part became independent as the
State of Israel)-British
Israel & the Middle East
• Zionist Movement
– Theodor Herzl 1897
• Balfour Declaration
– GB support of a
Jewish homeland
in Palestine
• Holocaust Realities
– Global sympathy
– Displaced persons
– Immigration
• UN Resolution
– Palestine divided
– Arabs reject plan
– Israel declares independence
• 5/14/48 David Ben-Gurion
• 1948 vs. Lebanon, Syria, Jordan,
Egypt & Iraq
– Israelis win
– Palestinian refugee camps
– Egypt seizes Gaza & Jordan
seizes West Bank
• 1967 vs. Egypt =
Six Day War
– Egypt plans attacks with
Soviet supplied weaponry
– Israel strikes 1st
– Israelis gain Jerusalem, West
Bank, Golan Hts. & Sinai
• 1973 vs. Egypt =
Yom Kippur War
– Borders remain
Whose land is it?
What should be done to maintain
peace?
The Arab – Israeli Wars
The Struggle for Existence
Golda Meir
• Prime Minister of Israel
• After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in
Yom Kippur War
• Sought support of United States
Golda Meir
• This Russian-Jew emigrated to the
United States and later to Israel
where she served as ambassador to
the Soviet Union, minister of labor,
foreign minister, and finally prime
minister of Israel.
Arab – Israeli Conflict
• ’72 Munich Olympics
– Black September
• Terrorist Group
• Captures 11 Israeli Athletes
• Murders all 11
• PLO
– Yasir Arafat
– Palestinian State
– Terror
• Intifada: ’87 - today
– Civil Disobedience + Uprisings
– Pressure Israel to recognize
Palestinian rights
Camp David Accords
• This 1979 agreement was the
first signed document between
Israel and an Arab nation and
officially ended hostilities
between Egypt and Israel.
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and
Isaeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
in 1978
Arab – Israeli Peace Attempts
• ’79 Camp David Accords
– Anwar Sadat + Menachem Begin
– Israeli recognition
– Sinai back to Egypt
– Palestinian Rights
– ’81 Sadat assassinated
• ’93 Oslo Accords
– Yitzak Rabin + Yasir Arafat
– Palestinian self-rule in Gaza + West Bank
– Rabin assassinated ‘95
Yasir Arafat
• This person was awarded a joint Nobel
Peace prize for his work at negotiating a
peace with Israel in 1993. Unfortunately,
another intifada began in 2000 and
went for over a year. As head of the
PLO, he eventually became the head of
a semi-independent area called the
Palestinian Authority.
Yitzak Rabin
• This Israeli was awarded a joint
Nobel Peace prize for his work at
negotiating a peace with the
Palestinians in 1993. He was
assassinated by a Jewish student
who did not support his peace
policies.
Ayatollah Khomeini
• This fundamentalist Shia cleric from Iran took
over the Shah’s government and restored
strict Islamic law to guide all areas of Iranian
life.
Gamal Abdul Nasser
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President of Egypt
Nationalized Suez Canal
Established relationship with Soviet Union
Built Aswan High Dam
Cold War Crisis Points
• Suez Crisis ’56
– Nasser nationalizes canal
– Egypt-Israeli War
– GB + F seize canal
– GB + F + I v. E + USSR?
– No US support
• Canal returned
– Crisis Averted
Saddam Hussein
• This Sunni leader took control of the
Iraqi government in 1979 and
launched an attack on Iran in 1980
and invaded Kuwait in 1990.
Captured by coalition forces in
December, 2003, he was tried and
executed in 2006.
Persian Gulf War
• This conflict occurred when the
leader of Iraq invaded Kuwait in
1990. The United States led an
international force that destroyed
most of Iraq’s armed forces but
failed to spark an internal uprising
to depose the leader.
Tiananmen Square
• This pro-democracy and freedom
demonstration in April 1989
stunned Chinese officials and led to
a massive military crackdown.
Judaism
• Monotheism
• Ten Commandments of moral and religious
conduct
• Torah: Written records and beliefs of the Jews
Christianity
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Monotheism
Jesus as Son of God
Life after death
New Testament: Life and teachings of Jesus
Establishment of Christian doctrines by early
church councils
Islam
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Monotheism
Muhammad, the prophet
Qur’an (Koran)
Five Pillars of Islam
Mecca and Medina
Buddhism
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Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
Spread of Buddhism from India to China and
other parts of Asia, resulting from Asoka’s
missionaries and their writings
Hinduism
• Many forms of one God
• Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma
• Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and
actions result in future consequences
Geographic distribution of world’s
major religions
• Judaism: Concentrated in Israel and North
America
• Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and
North and South America
• Islam: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa,
and Asia
• Hinduism: Concentrated in India
• Buddhism: Concentrated in East and
Southeast Asia
Migrations of refugees and others
• Refugees as an issue in international conflicts
• Migrations of “guest workers” to European
cities
Ethnic and religious conflicts
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Middle East
Northern Ireland
Balkans
Horn of Africa
South Asia
Impact of new Technologies
• Widespread but unequal access to computers
and instantaneous communications
• Genetic engineering and bioethics
Contrasts between developed and
developing nations
• Geographic locations of major developed and
developing countries
• Economic conditions
• Social conditions (literacy, access to health
care)
• Population size and rate of growth
Environmental Challenges
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Pollution
Loss of habitat
Global climate change
Economic development
Rapid population growth
Social Challenges
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Poverty
Poor health
Illiteracy
Famine
Migration
Relationship between economic and
political freedom
• Free market economies produce rising
standards of living and an expanding middle
class, which produces growing demands for
political freedoms and individual rights.
• Recent examples include Taiwan and South
Korea
Economic Interdependence
• Role of rapid transportation, communication,
and computer networks
• Rise and influence of multinational
corporations
• Changing role of international boundaries
• Regional integration, e.g., European Union
• Trade agreements, e.g., North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade
Organization (WTO)
• International organizations, e.g., United Nations
(UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Examples of international terrorism
• Munich Olympics – Jewish Olympians killed by
PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
• Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g.,
9/11/2001) motivated by extremism (Osama
bin Laden)
• Car bombings
• Suicide bombers
• Airline hijackers
Governmental responses to terrorist
activities
• Surveillance
• Review of privacy rights
• Security at ports and airports