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Foundations and Engineering Design MTEL Technology/Engineering Subarea 1 Work Scheduling • A work schedule breaks a project down into its most basic work activities. These activities are known as terminal elements, and cannot be further divided into smaller tasks. • Gantt charts. A Gantt chart is a bar chart that shows each terminal element, its duration, and other summary information. Scientific and Technical Innovation • After a new innovation comes about, it must spread to other people and groups in order to be effective. • This process is known as diffusion, and is illustrated using an s-curve, also known as a diffusion curve, which tracks an increase in revenue or productivity over time. Major Scientific and Technological Innovations • 1843 – Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber • 1885 – Karl Benz patents the first automobile • 1903 – Wilber and Orville Wright develop the world first airplane • 1945 – Team lead by J.R. Oppenheimer code named the Manhattan Project successfully create the first self-sustaining nuclear reation • 1958 – The integrated circuit (IC) was developed by Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce • 1983 – The first TCP/IP protocol was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vince Cerf…also known as the internet PBS Timeline of Innovations http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html Conservation vs. Sustainability • Conservation is the effort to reduce energy and material consumption by reducing usage and making more efficient use of existing resources. • Sustainability determines the length of time over which an ecological system will endure. Sustainable systems are those that will remain healthy and productive for a long time. Biotechnology • Biotechnology is the technological application of biology. It uses living organisms and bioprocesses to create products or processes, and has numerous applications in the following fields: – – – – Medicine Agriculture Biological Engineering Human Genome Project: Seeks to discover all human genes Material Disposal and Waste Remediation • Incinerators - subject solid waste to the process of combustion in order to convert it into residue and gas. This generates heat, gas, steam, and ash. • Landfills - eliminate solid waste by burying it. • Recycling - reprocesses discarded materials (e.g., aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers, cardboard boxes, paper) into their constituent materials, and reuses them. • Sustainability methods - include biological reprocessing, composting and anaerobic decomposition Bernulli’s Principle when the speed of an inviscid flow increases, the pressure (or potential energy) of the flow will decrease. Consequently, faster moving air creates slower static pressure and higher dynamic pressure. Aerodynamic Forces Include four forces relevant to flight: thrust, lift, drag, and weight. Thrust is a reaction force explained by Newton's Second and Third Laws.n When mass is accelerated in one direction, it will generate an equal force in the opposite direction Lift is a force that is generated perpendicular to the oncoming air flow (using Bernoulli's Principle). http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Tutorial/Newton-s-Laws Chemical Engineering • Converting raw materials into usable and marketable materials. • Examples: • Petrochemicals – Ethylene, Propylene, Benzene • Polymers – Polyesters, Polyethylene • Elastomers – Polyisoprene, Neoprene, Polyurethane Fishbone Diagram • Also Called: Cause–and–Effect Diagram, Ishikawa Diagram • The fishbone diagram identifies many possible causes for an effect or problem. It can be used to structure a brainstorming session. It immediately sorts ideas into useful categories. Moore’s Law • Moore's law is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. • Named after Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of the Intel Corporation, who described the trend in his 1965 paper Engineering Design Process A series of steps that engineers follow to come up with a solution to a problem. Many times the solution involves designing a product (like a machine or computer code) that meets certain criteria and/or accomplishes a certain task. CAD – Computer Aided Design • A CAD system is a combination of hardware and software that enables engineers and architects to design everything from furniture to airplanes • Software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modelers. • Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. • Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematical modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD. Integrated Systems vs System Thinking • Integrated systems consist of numerous systems working in conjunction. Technology often consists of smaller systems combined together to form larger systems. • Systems thinking involves viewing a system as a collection of interconnected parts or processes, and then analyzing the cause and effect relationships between those parts or processes. Quality Control • Quality control is an ongoing process in which the materials that enter the system, system operation, and system output are constantly evaluated against an acceptable range. • Tolerance – an allowable amount of variation of a specified quantity, especially in the dimensions of a machine or part. ISO 9000 • ISO9000 is a set of rigorous international quality standards that are applicable to numerous types of organizations. • Maintained by the International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9000 is designed to help companies improve the quality of their products, processes, and services in a systematic and continuous manner. Ergonomics • Ergonomics is used to create equipment and devices designed in such a way as to place the least amount of stress possible on the human body and its mental faculties. ADA Compliance • ADA, or the Americans with Disabilities Act, creates and publishes construction standards intended to help provide disabled persons with better access to buildings. MSDS • explains the properties of a specific substance, and provides a means of cataloguing substances according to their effects and risks. OSHA • Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is a federal regulatory agency that enforces workplace safety and health standards to prevent work related injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Reverse Engineering • The process of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made. The ultimate goals for obtaining such information are varied. • A typical goal for reverse engineering a product is to create a (possibly improved) copy or even a knockoff; this is usually the goal of a competitor. Viscosity Vs. Flow • Viscosity is a term used to describe resistance to flow at a particular temperature. • Fluid flow in a pipe is determined by the surface roughness (called Reynolds number) and the internal resistance caused by elbows and T’s CFD vs. FEA • Computational Fluid Dynamics – Using computer modeling to create algorithms predicting fluid flow in a system • Finite Element Analysis – Breaking a system into smaller discrete components to solve for the instantaneous forces at each element Two common types of fluid pumps • Centrifugal – uses an impeller (blade) to create suction. • Positive Pressure makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Simple Machines • A mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. – Wheel and axel – Pulley – Inclined Plane -- Lever -- Screw -- Wedge http://www.cosi.org/downloads/activities/simpl emachines/sm1.html From Tubes to Transistors Any modern digital computer is largely a collection of electronic switches. • The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes as switches, and although the tubes worked, they had many problems. – It consumed a great deal of electrical power and gave off enormous heat, and was quite large • The transistor, which essentially functions as a solid-state electronic switch is a sandwich of semi-conducting materials. – They are small (and getting smaller) and consume little energy. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/upgrade-repairpc,3000-2.html