Download Study Guide Subarea I

Foundations and Engineering
Design
MTEL Technology/Engineering
Subarea 1
Work Scheduling
• A work schedule breaks a project down into its most
basic work activities. These activities are known as
terminal elements, and cannot be further divided
into smaller tasks.
• Gantt charts. A Gantt chart is a bar chart that shows
each terminal element, its duration, and other
summary information.
Scientific and Technical Innovation
• After a new innovation
comes about, it must spread
to other people and groups
in order to be effective.
• This process is known as
diffusion, and is illustrated
using an s-curve, also
known as a diffusion curve,
which tracks an increase in
revenue or productivity
over time.
Major Scientific and Technological
Innovations
• 1843 – Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber
• 1885 – Karl Benz patents the first automobile
• 1903 – Wilber and Orville Wright develop the world
first airplane
• 1945 – Team lead by J.R. Oppenheimer code named
the Manhattan Project successfully create the first
self-sustaining nuclear reation
• 1958 – The integrated circuit (IC) was developed by
Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce
• 1983 – The first TCP/IP protocol was developed by
Robert E. Kahn and Vince Cerf…also known as the
internet
PBS Timeline of Innovations
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/timeline_text.html
Conservation vs. Sustainability
• Conservation is the effort to reduce energy
and material consumption by reducing usage
and making more efficient use of existing
resources.
• Sustainability determines the length of time
over which an ecological system will endure.
Sustainable systems are those that will remain
healthy and productive for a long time.
Biotechnology
• Biotechnology is the technological application of
biology. It uses living organisms and bioprocesses
to create products or processes, and has
numerous applications in the following fields:
–
–
–
–
Medicine
Agriculture
Biological Engineering
Human Genome Project: Seeks to discover all human
genes
Material Disposal and Waste
Remediation
• Incinerators - subject solid waste to the process
of combustion in order to convert it into residue
and gas. This generates heat, gas, steam, and ash.
• Landfills - eliminate solid waste by burying it.
• Recycling - reprocesses discarded materials (e.g.,
aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers,
cardboard boxes, paper) into their constituent
materials, and reuses them.
• Sustainability methods - include biological
reprocessing, composting and anaerobic
decomposition
Bernulli’s Principle
when the speed of an inviscid flow increases,
the pressure (or potential energy) of the flow
will decrease. Consequently, faster moving air
creates slower static pressure and higher
dynamic pressure.
Aerodynamic Forces
Include four forces relevant to flight: thrust, lift,
drag, and weight.
Thrust is a reaction force
explained by Newton's Second and
Third Laws.n When mass is
accelerated in one direction, it will
generate an equal force in the
opposite direction
Lift is a force that is generated
perpendicular to the oncoming air
flow (using Bernoulli's Principle).
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Tutorial/Newton-s-Laws
Chemical Engineering
• Converting raw materials into usable and
marketable materials.
• Examples:
• Petrochemicals – Ethylene, Propylene,
Benzene
• Polymers – Polyesters, Polyethylene
• Elastomers – Polyisoprene, Neoprene,
Polyurethane
Fishbone Diagram
• Also Called: Cause–and–Effect Diagram,
Ishikawa Diagram
• The fishbone diagram identifies many possible
causes for an effect or problem. It can be used
to structure a brainstorming session. It
immediately sorts ideas into useful categories.
Moore’s Law
• Moore's law is the observation that, over the
history of computing hardware, the number of
transistors in a dense integrated circuit
doubles approximately every two years.
• Named after Gordon E.
Moore, co-founder of
the Intel Corporation,
who described the trend
in his 1965 paper
Engineering Design Process
A series of steps that
engineers follow to come up
with a solution to a problem.
Many times the solution
involves designing a product
(like a machine or computer
code) that meets certain
criteria and/or accomplishes
a certain task.
CAD – Computer Aided Design
• A CAD system is a combination of hardware and
software that enables engineers and architects to
design everything from furniture to airplanes
• Software packages range from 2D vector-based
drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modelers.
• Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow
rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of
a designed object from any desired angle, even
from the inside looking out.
• Some CAD software is capable of dynamic
mathematical modeling, in which case it may be
marketed as CADD.
Integrated Systems vs System Thinking
• Integrated systems consist of numerous
systems working in conjunction. Technology
often consists of smaller systems combined
together to form larger systems.
• Systems thinking involves viewing a system as
a collection of interconnected parts or
processes, and then analyzing the cause and
effect relationships between those parts or
processes.
Quality Control
• Quality control is an ongoing process in which
the materials that enter the system, system
operation, and system output are constantly
evaluated against an acceptable range.
• Tolerance – an allowable amount of variation
of a specified quantity, especially in the
dimensions of a machine or part.
ISO 9000
• ISO9000 is a set of rigorous international
quality standards that are applicable to
numerous types of organizations.
• Maintained by the International Organization
for Standardization, ISO 9000 is designed to
help companies improve the quality of their
products, processes, and services in a
systematic and continuous manner.
Ergonomics
• Ergonomics is used to create equipment and
devices designed in such a way as to place the
least amount of stress possible on the human
body and its mental faculties.
ADA Compliance
• ADA, or the
Americans with
Disabilities Act,
creates and publishes
construction
standards intended to
help provide disabled
persons with better
access to buildings.
MSDS
• explains the
properties of a
specific substance,
and provides a
means of cataloguing
substances according
to their effects and
risks.
OSHA
• Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, is a federal regulatory agency
that enforces workplace safety and health
standards to prevent work related injuries,
illnesses, and fatalities.
Reverse Engineering
• The process of extracting knowledge or design
information from anything man-made. The
ultimate goals for obtaining such information
are varied.
• A typical goal for reverse engineering a
product is to create a (possibly improved)
copy or even a knockoff; this is usually the
goal of a competitor.
Viscosity Vs. Flow
• Viscosity is a term
used to describe
resistance to flow at
a particular
temperature.
• Fluid flow in a pipe is
determined by the
surface roughness
(called Reynolds
number) and the
internal resistance
caused by elbows
and T’s
CFD vs. FEA
• Computational Fluid
Dynamics – Using
computer modeling to
create algorithms
predicting fluid flow in
a system
• Finite Element
Analysis – Breaking a
system into smaller
discrete components to
solve for the
instantaneous forces at
each element
Two common types of fluid pumps
• Centrifugal – uses an
impeller (blade) to
create suction.
• Positive Pressure makes a fluid move
by trapping a fixed
amount and forcing
(displacing) that
trapped volume into
the discharge pipe.
Simple Machines
• A mechanical device that changes the
direction or magnitude of a force.
– Wheel and axel
– Pulley
– Inclined Plane
-- Lever
-- Screw
-- Wedge
http://www.cosi.org/downloads/activities/simpl
emachines/sm1.html
From Tubes to Transistors
Any modern digital computer is largely a collection of
electronic switches.
• The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes as
switches, and although the tubes worked, they had many
problems.
– It consumed a great deal of electrical power and gave off
enormous heat, and was quite large
• The transistor, which essentially functions as a solid-state
electronic switch is a sandwich of semi-conducting
materials.
– They are small (and getting smaller) and consume little energy.
http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/upgrade-repairpc,3000-2.html