Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Religious Wars The religious wars began with overt hostilities in 1562 and lasted until the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The First War (1562-1563) Provoked by the Massacre at Vassy in 1562. ◦ Duc de Guise men fired ont eh unarmed hugeunots ◦ Set the Church on Fire ◦ Killed a number of the congregation Leadership of the Huguenots moves away from the pastors towards the noble “protectors.” Royal forces of England and Germany are slow to respond. Catherine de’ medici turns to the Guise faction Guise seeks help from the Pope and Phillip II of Spain. At Orleans, the Duc de Guise was killed by an assassin. Result – Edict of Amboise 1563 ◦ Eliminated the first generation of Catholic leadership ◦ The Huguenot heartland in the south virtually untouched ◦ The royal treasury hemorrhaging ◦ The crown’s position was weak. ◦ Catherine bent her efforts towards a settlement. ◦ Restricted Protestant freedoms The Second War (1567-1568) Catherine begana two year tour – to establish unity between the nobility Huguenots attempt a coup at Meaux This plan failed and provoked the the second war Result ◦ Montmorency was dead, the crown was more in debt, and the Peace of Longjumeau was pretty much the same as the Peace of Amboise. The Third War (1568-1570) The Cardinal de Lorraine hatched a plot to overturn the peace and capture Conde and Coligny. The Cardinal also saw Mary Stuart, Queenof Scots, as a tool for unseating Elizabeth and putting a Catholic monarch on theat throne as well. The third war was more protracted, and brought the war to the rural areas in central and southern France, spreading the suffering to the pop. And raising the cultural tension between Catholics and Protestants. Peace at St. Germain ended the war. The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) Catherine exerts more effort to create harmony between Catholic and Protestant leadership. Tension between the two groups grows until August 23, 1573. An attempt on Admiral de Coligny life is taken on the 22nd – Huguenots are outraged. King Charles IX decides to kill Coligny and all Huguenot leadership around him. The Massacre lasted 3 days – stories of atrocities, courage, and compassion were rampant. Result Experience radicalised many of the survivors A distrust of the king Upsurge in the political rhetoric of resistance. Churches organized themselves into an efficient hierarchy for communications and self-protection. The Fourth through the Seventh Four more wars took place between 1572 and 1580. The War of the Three Henries (1584-1589) ◦ Henry III (King of England) ◦ Henri de Navarre (Presumptive heir to the throne of France) and his cousin Henri Prince de Condé - excommunicated. ◦ The royalist, Protestant, and Leaguer forces, all led by men named Henri, were to engage in the bloodiest and longest of the civil wars. The Wars of the League (1589-1598) ◦ A fight with Spain over the capital of Paris. 1598 saw the publication of the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots freedom of worship and civil rights for nearly a century, until Henri IV's descendent Louis XIV revoked it in 1685. It is not the end of the Huguenot story in France, but it closes this chapter of the Wars of Religion. The Age of Absolutism 1550-1800 Setting the Stage for Revolution & Enlightenment What is Absolutism Absolutism means that the ultimate authority in the state is rested in the hands of a king who claims to rule by divine right. Under absolutism the king has the power to make laws, administer justice, control the state’s administrative system, and determine foreign policy. Imperial Spain and Philip II Charles V Charles V was king of Spain and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. He became embroiled in wars with the Ottoman empire as it advanced on central Europe and also in religious conflicts with the Protestants in the German states. He abdicated both thrones and split them between his brother, Ferdinand, and son, Philip. The Wars of Philip II, 1571–1588 How Did Spanish Power Increase Under Charles V and Philip II? Charles V •In 1519, Charles V inherited a huge empire. He became king of Spain and was also the heir to the Hapsburg empire. •Ruling two empires involved Charles in constant warfare. •Eventually, Charles gave up his titles and divided his empire. Philip II •During his 42-year reign, Philip worked to expand Spanish influence, strengthen the Catholic Church, and make his own power absolute. •Philip reigned as an absolute monarch – a ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people. •He asserted that he ruled by divine right – belief that authority to rule comes directly from God. •Philip saw himself as guardian of the Roman Catholic Church. •Philip fought many wars as he attempted to advance Spanish Catholic power. The Thirty Years War 1618-1648 Preconditions Religious Division Calvinism and the Palatinate Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League Four Periods of War The Bohemian Period The Danish Period The Swedish Period The Swedish-French Period The Treaty of Westphalia a collective name given to the two treaties concluded on the 24th of October 1648 by the empire with France at Munster and with Sweden and the Protestant estates of the empire at Osnabruck, by which the Thirty years’ War was brought to an end. The treaties resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress, thereby initiating a new political order in central Europe, based upon the concept of a sovereign state governed by a sovereign. In the event, the treaties’ regulations became integral to the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire. The treaties did not restore the peace throughout Europe, however. France and Spain remained at war for the next eleven years, making peace only in the Treaty of Pyrenees of 1659. Some Background about France • From the 1560s to the 1590s, religious wars between Huguenots (French Protestants) and the Catholic majority tore France apart. • To protect Protestants, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities. • Henry then set out to heal the shattered land. Under Henry, the government reached into every aspect of French life. • By building the royal bureaucracy and reducing the power of the nobility, Henry laid the foundations for royal absolutism. He reduced the power of the nobles and strengthened the monarchy. • After his death, Cardinal Richelieu served as chief minister to Louis XIII. Richelieu held great influence and orchestrated the further decline of the powers of nobles and Protestants. France under “The Sun King” • Louis XIV ruled with absolute power and took the sun as a symbol. An army of 300,000 soldiers stood ready to enforce his will. His finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert, instituted mercantilist policies, which helped France to become the richest European state. • Louis XIV lived a lavish lifestyle at the Palace of Versailles, which was a symbol of France’s wealth. There, nobles became courtiers who posed no threat to the monarchy. The arts flourished with the support of Louis XIV.. • Louis expanded the bureaucracy and appointed intendants, royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out Louis’s policies in the provinces. • Louis created the strongest army in Europe, which he used to enforce his policies at home and abroad. “L’etat, c’est moi”—“I am the state.” Successes and Failures of Louis XIV Success •Louis greatly strengthened royal power. •The French army became the strongest in Europe. •France became the wealthiest state in Europe. •French culture, manners, and customs became the European standard. •The arts flourished in France. Failures •Louis engaged in costly wars that had disastrous results. •Rival rulers joined forces to check French ambitions. •Louis persecuted the Huguenots, causing many to flee France. Their departure was a huge blow to the French economy. • European alliances were formed to keep French expansion in check. The War of the Spanish Succession ended with France agreeing not to unite with Spain. The flight of the Huguenots from France when the Edict of Nantes was revoked left the state without many of its best and brightest. England • Tudor monarchs Henry VIII and Elizabeth I sought the approval of Parliament on important matters. Parliament tended to vote as the monarchs wished. • After the Tudors, the Stuarts came to rule England. James I tried to claim absolute power, and dissolved Parliament. Charles I followed in his father’s footsteps, but had to summon Parliament to raise taxes. Parliament forced him to sign the Petition of Right. He then dissolved Parliament and didn’t summon them for 11 years, until he needed funds to put down a rebellion in Scotland. Parliament and Charles I then went to war with each other. England under Charles I • Absolute monarch – had no problem with putting his enemies in prison without trial • Ran up a huge debt • Dissolved Parliament in 1629 • Touched off massive English Civil War between his supporters (“cavaliers”) and supporters of Parliament (“roundheads”) led by Oliver Cromwell. • Parliament put Charles on trial and condemned him to death as “a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy.” Charles I was beheaded in 1649. Absolute Monarchs in Russia Peter the Great Modernizes & Expands Russia • Peter the Great traveled through W. Europe and brought technical experts, teachers, and soldiers back to Russia. He forcefully pushed Russians to adopt Western ideas, technology and culture. • He made himself the head of the Russian Orthodox Church and gave the landowning nobles (boyars) jobs working for the state. He adopted mercantilist economic policies to pay for his reforms and he ruled in a very autocratic manner. • Peter tried to defeat the Ottomans to gain a warm-water port, but was unsuccessful. He was able to win the Great Northern War and take Swedish territory on the Baltic Sea, where he built his magnificent capital city of St. Petersburg. Absolute Monarchs in Russia Catherine the Great follows Peter’s Lead Catherine the Great also embraced Western ideas and allowed the boyars to impose serfdom on the peasants. She won a warm-water port in the Russo-Turkish war and also seized territory from Poland. Mercantilism • Defined – An economic philosophy that international commerce should primarily serve to increase a country's financial wealth; using the economy to enrich the state, mercantilism encouraged exports and discouraged imports (unless they lead to even greater exports) to amass a surplus of gold and foreign currency. • Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations was written as an anti-mercantilist argument.