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Transcript
HITLER’S RISE TO POWER Shortly after the First World War, Germany found itself in crisis. Germany had set up a democracy (Weimar Republic) and had managed to avoid a dictatorship during the 1920’s, but only just. Various groups tried to take power and several open revolts occurred from extreme right wing and left wing parties (political instability). Germany also faced rapid inflation to the point where the mark became worthless and her currency ultimately collapsed. Resentment also ran high among Germans against the Treaty of Versailles whose terms seemed harsh and unfair. In this climate, Hitler began building the National Socialist Party (the Nazi party). However, as long as the German economy could offer reasonably full employment groups like Hitler’s could not gain power. Unfortunately this situation changed with the onset of the Great Depression. By 1930 Germany was faced with massive unemployment and 40% of Germans found themselves jobless. Hitler’s party began to gain support. His promise to free Germany from the humiliating Treaty of Versailles appealed to German pride and he offered the Germans a target for their political and economic crisis and declared a race war on the Jews. Hitler offered solutions to the problems of Germany and in 1933 he was elected to power with 37% of the votes. The Communists were immediately eliminated from the Assembly and the power of the other parties was severely restricted. Trade unions, news media, schools and churches were brought under his control and any dissent was crushed by his brown shirted storm troopers ( this is known as totalitarianism – all aspects of life were controlled by the Nazi Party). Hitler closely regulated the economy and through public works projects such as road building and careful investments unemployment began to fall and prosperity began to return. Hitler also implemented progressive social programs in areas such as health care, and through mass rallies, powerful speeches and appeals to German pride he convinced many Germans to put faith in and follow him – their leader, the fuehrer. Thus when, in 1934, Hitler and his Nazi Party assumed complete power and dissolved the Parliament few people seem to have felt strong opposition. Hitler’s anti-Semitic views, as written in his book, Mein Kampf (1925), became reality when, in 1935, laws were passed depriving Jews of their civil and commercial rights and by 1941 the Nazi state was carrying out the deliberate extermination of Jews throughout occupied Europe. THE ROAD TO WAR After gaining total control of Germany, Hitler began the expansion of the Nazi Reich (state). First, in 1936, he marched into the Rhineland (which although German was, according to the Versailles Treaty, to be free of German forces). He then joined Austria to Germany – the Anschluss (also forbidden by the peace treaty). The Western democracies were preoccupied with their own problems and felt powerless to stop Hitler the dictator (an authoritarian, non-democratic leader) – some even sympathised with Hitler. In 1938 the prime ministers of France and Great Britain approved his take over of the Sudetenland (the Munich Agreement) in exchange for Hitler’s guarantee that he would stop. Unfortunately, their attempts at appeasement (giving Hitler what he wanted in hope that he would stop there) did not work. Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, then after making a deal with Russia attacked Poland on the first of September 1939. By this time it became clear Hitler’s aggressive territorial expansion would not end and France and Great Britain declared war on September 3, 1939. To support Britain and help stop Hitler’s conquest of Europe, on September 10, the Canadian Parliament voted to declare war on Germany. World War Two Hitler’s generals had developed a new style of warfare known as blitzkrieg (lightning campaign). In this style of warfare soldiers, tanks and air support were coordinated to move together. Poland stood little chance against the German army and by September, 29 Poland collapsed. The late fall of 1939 and winter of 1940 were known as the phoney war because although Germany, France and Britain were at war, no fighting (except for at sea) took place. Then in April of 1940, the German army overran Denmark and Norway, and then in May Hitler launched an offensive against Holland, Belgium and France. Hitler’s modern army and his blitzkrieg tactics proved to be deadly. Germany and her ally Italy now controlled Western Europe. Hitler then turned his sights on Britain. Before invading the island, Hitler had to get control of the air over the English Channel. The Battle of Britain began in the summer of 1940. Hitler was not able to defeat the British air force; therefore he did not invade England. In the late spring of 1941 Hitler turned his sights east and invaded Russia, and in fact much of WWII was fought between the Germans and the Russians. Although Hitler experienced initial success in Russia, he was not able to defeat her. In December of 1941, Japan (also allied with Germany and Italy – known as the Axis powers) attacked various targets in the Pacific, including the American navy at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. To support his ally, Hitler also declared war on the Americans. In 1943, the Americans, British and Canadians (known as the Allies) invaded Sicily and Italy, and in 1944 the allies landed in France (D-day). With the Russians attacking Germany from the east and the Americans, Canadians and British attacking Germany from the west, it was only a matter of time before Germany was defeated. In the late spring of 1945 Hitler killed himself and Germany surrendered. War against the Japanese in the Pacific continued until August of 1945 when the Americans dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan and then the second one on Nagasaki. CANADA’S ROLE Overseas Canadians played an important role in the overseas war effort. Canadian fighter pilots helped defeat Hitler’s air force during the Battle of Britain. Canadian bomber crews attacked Hitler’s military and industrial installations in Nazi occupied Europe. Canadians soldiers participated in the unsuccessful raid on the French port of Dieppe, as well as the successful invasions of Sicily and Italy. Canadian soldiers successfully drove the Germans out of the Italian town of Ortona at Christmas in 1943 and were involved in removing the Germans from their mountainous stronghold, Monte Cassino, south of Rome. Canadians successfully captured their own section of beach (Juno) during the D-day landings. Canadians helped capture and destroy sections of the German army at Falaise and Canadians are recognized for liberating much of the Netherlands. Throughout the war, Canadian sailors (especially corvette crews) protected convoys (groups of ships sailing together – from Canada to Europe – for protection against German U-boats). In the Pacific in 1941, Canadians attempted, unsuccessfully, to defend the British colony of Hong Kong from the Japanese invasion. Canadians were also involved in hundreds of smaller operations in both the Pacific and European theatres of war. At Home The economic contribution made by Canada to the war effort is little short of miraculous. Canadian industries produced everything from bullets and guns to jeeps, aircraft and ships. Canadian farms produced crops and meat for the war effort and Canadian fishers sent large portions of their catches overseas. Canadian mines produced the metals and minerals necessary to make war materials. In short, Canada had become an economically significant country. Rationing (government limited the amount a person could buy) also became a way of life for Canadians. Ration cards where necessary to buy gasoline, butter, sugar, meat, tea and coffee. Canadian women again went to work in factories, on farms and in numerous other jobs, and unlike WWI, this time they filled non combative roles in the military. The British Commonwealth Air Training Program (a program that trained pilots from all over the world) was a very significant contribution. Conscription came again, but due to Prime Minister King’s careful handling of the situation, the reaction in Quebec was less severe than during WWI. A low point in Canada’s history occurred when the property of Japanese Canadians was taken and they were interned in camps for fear that they might be spies. WHAT CAUSED GERMANY TO BECOME SO AGGRESSIVE? Economic Trouble in the 1920s Political Instability Treaty of Versailles Hitler and the Nazis The Great Depression (unemployment) HITLER’S RISE TO POWER WORKSHEET In 1933 Hitler came to power legitimately through elections. Shortly after, the democratic process in Germany ended and Hitler began to create a totalitarian regime. Although the Western democratic countries such as France, Britain and Canada became very concerned about Nazi Germany, little action was taken to stop Hitler. 1. Describe conditions in Germany after WWI. How did Germans feel about the Treaty of Versailles? 2. Explain how Hitler and the Nazis came to power. When Hitler announced the start of the third Reich, what did he mean? 3. What countries did Hitler invade before WWII started? Define appeasement and explain how this allowed Hitler to continue his aggression. What terms of the Treaty of Versailles did he break? 4. List several ways Hitler and the Nazi Party kept the people of Germany under control. 5. Hitler was very anti-Semitic. Define anti-Semitism and outline the views expressed by Hitler in his book Mein Kampf. List several ways in which the Jewish people were persecuted. 6. Create a time line in your notes and put on the following: Treaty of Versailles Hitler gains control of Parliament Nuremberg Laws German troops enter Rhineland Hitler annexes Austria (Anschluss) Munich Agreement Hitler invades Sudetenland Hitler invades rest of Czechoslovakia Germans sign non aggression pact with Soviets Germany invades Poland France and Britain declare war Canada declares war HITLER’S RISE TO POWER QUIZ Name: ___________________ 1. Shortly after the First World War, Germany found itself in crisis. Germany had set up a democracy (Weimar Republic) and had managed to avoid a dictatorship during the 1920’s, but only just. Various groups tried to take power and several open revolts occurred from extreme right wing and left wing parties resulting in ___________________. Germany also faced _______________ to the point where the mark became worthless and her currency ultimately collapsed. ________________ also ran high among Germans against the ____________________ whose terms seemed harsh and unfair. In this climate, Hitler began building the National Socialist Party (the Nazi party). However, as long as the German economy could offer reasonably full employment groups like Hitler’s could not gain power. first choices: Treaty of Versailles, rapid inflation, political instability, resentment 2. Unfortunately this situation changed with the onset of the Great Depression. By 1930 Germany was faced with massive _________________and 40% of Germans found themselves jobless. Hitler’s party began to gain support. His promise to free Germany from the humiliating Treaty of Versailles appealed to _________________ and he offered the Germans a target for their political and economic crisis and declared a race war on the ____________. Hitler offered solutions to the problems of Germany and in 1933 he was ______________ to power with 37% of the votes. second choices: elected, German pride, unemployment, Jews 3. The Communists were immediately eliminated from the Assembly and the power of the other parties was severely restricted. Trade unions, ______________, _______________and churches were brought under his control and any dissent was crushed by his _________________ ( this is known as _______________________ - all aspects of life were controlled by the Nazi Party). third choices: storm troopers, news media, totalitarianism, schools 4. Hitler’s _____________views, as written in his book____________ became reality when, in 1935, laws were passed depriving Jews of their ___________and by 1941 the Nazi state was carrying out the deliberate ________________ of Jews throughout occupied Europe. fourth choices: rights, anti-Semitic, extermination, Mein Kampf 5. After gaining total control of Germany, Hitler began the expansion of the Nazi Reich (state). First, in 1936, he marched into the _______________. He then joined Austria to Germany – the ____________. The Western democracies were preoccupied with their own problems and felt powerless to stop Hitler. In 1938 the prime ministers of France and Great Britain approved his take over of the _________________ in exchange for Hitler’s guarantee that he would stop. Unfortunately their attempts at __________________ did not work. Hitler invaded the rest of ___________________, then after making a deal with Russia attacked ______________ on the first of September 1939. By this time it became clear Hitler’s aggressive territorial expansion would not end and France and _______________declared war on September 3, 1939. To support Britain and help stop Hitler’s conquest of Europe, on September 10, the ____________Parliament voted to declare war on Germany. fifth choices: Poland, Rhineland , Great Britain , Anschluss, Sudetenland, Canadian, appeasement, Czechoslovakia