Download Section 5: The War of 1812

Section 5: The War of 1812
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What were the causes of the War of
1812?
Section 5: The War of 1812
• What words and people do I need to
know?
– Embargo
– President Jefferson
– President James Madison
– war hawks
– Treaty of Ghent
– Andrew Jackson
Unhappy with French and
British Trade Policies
• Years of war between Great Britain and
France prompted both countries to try to
block U.S. trade with its enemy
• British ships “impressed” American sailors made sailors serve with the British Navy
• President Thomas Jefferson ordered an
embargo in 1807 to stop trade with foreign
countries; this proved disastrous to American
shipping
Unhappy with French and
British Trade Policies
• Ograbme
(embargo
spelled
backwards)
is trying to
stop a man
attempting to
smuggle
tobacco onto
a British
ship.
• The Ograbme
was also
called the
“snapping
turtle”
The War Hawks
• Land-hungry Southerners and Westerners
• Believed British were stirring up the Indians in
the western territories
• Argued for war against Great Britain in order
to capture Canada and to eliminate the
problems in the western territories
• President James Madison pushed Congress
to declare war on Great Britain in 1812; the
war declaration narrowly passed
War Breaks Out
• War lasted for two years; neither side gained
advantage during first two years
• In 1814, British attack and burn Washington, the
young national capital
• British later attacked Baltimore harbor; “The Star
Spangled Banner” written by Francis Scott Key
during The Battle of Fort McHenry
• The Battle of New Orleans, fought after the Treaty of
Ghent ended the war, was a decisive American
victory
• The war united the American states as one nation;
Andrew Jackson became a national hero
Treaty of Ghent
• Signed by Great Britain and the United States
• Restored everything to what it had been before
the war.
• The U.S. gained no new land, but the war
demonstrated that the United States was willing
to fight for its continued independence.
• American economy changed as the U.S. was
forced to become more industrious in supplying
its own needs.
• The War marks the last time American and British
forces fought on opposite sides of a conflict.
Florida
• Georgia experiences difficulties with Seminole
Indians in Florida
• President Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to
investigate the problem
• Jackson invaded Florida and overthrew the
Spanish governor
• Spain sells Florida to the U.S. for $5 million rather
than fight
• Andrew Jackson named governor of the Florida
Territory
Section 6: Native Americans
in Georgia
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– Why were the Indians removed from
Georgia?
Section 6: Native
Americans in Georgia
• What words do I need to know?
– syllabary
– Oconee War
– Treaty of New York
– Red Sticks
– White Sticks
– Treaty of Indian Springs
– Trail of Tears
Section 6: Native
Americans in Georgia
• What people do I need to know?
Elias Boudinot
Wilson Lumpkin
Benjamin Parks
Davy Crockett
James Madison
John Ridge
George Gilmer
John Marshall
Major Ridge
George Gist
Chief McIntosh
John Ross
Andrew Jackson
Chief McGillivray
Winfield Scott
Thomas Jefferson
Chief Menawa
George Troupe
Francis Scott Key
James Monroe
George Washington
Cherokee Culture
• Most advanced of Georgia’s tribes; learned
quickly from white settlers
• Some, like Chief James Vann, lived in large
houses, and adopted the white settlers customs
• Chief Vann encouraged Christianity
• Sequoyah (George Gist) developed a syllabary,
a group of symbols that stand for whole
syllables; it gave Cherokees their first written
form of their language
• Cherokee awarded Gist with a medal and a gift
of $500 a year for life. (This is the first record
of a literary prize in America)
Cherokee Culture
• Elias Boudinot – editor of the first Indian
newspaper, The Cherokee Phoenix. The
circulation of a newspaper drew together
various Cherokee tribes from Virginia, North
Carolina, Alabama and Georgia within the
Cherokee Nation.
• Cherokee Government was modeled on that
of United States with three branches:
executive, legislative, and judicial; capital at
New Echota by 1825
Creek Indians
• Series of clashes between Creek and settlers who
pushed into their land known as Oconee War
– Chief Alexander McGillivray sent warriors
against pioneer settlers, burning houses,
stealing horses and cattle and killed or captured
over 200 settlers.
– Georgia settlers begin killing on sight any Creek
who was not a member of a friendly tribe.
• Treaty of New York: signed by Chief McGillivray
and President George Washington, Creek give up
all land east of the Oconee River, but could keep
land on the west side; this angered Georgia
settlers, who felt betrayed by their government
• Land treaties were often broken
NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES
The Creek War
• Tecumseh – a Shawnee leader who tried to unite all
Native Americans to fight for their land.
• Red Stick Creeks endorsed war to fight for their land
claims; White Stick Creeks wanted peace
• Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, killing more than 400
people, including women and children
• The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Alabama, ended
the Creek War in 1814; Andrew Jackson led the U.S.
troops
• The Creeks were forced to give up nearly all their
land to the U.S. government
• The Treaty of Indian Springs gave up last Creek
lands in Georgia to the U.S.; Chief William McIntosh
was later murdered by rival Creeks for signing the
treaty
Treaty of Indian Springs
• Signed by Creek Chief William McIntosh and
Georgia Governor George Troup
• U.S. paid McIntosh and a large
group of Lower Creek Chiefs $2000.00
• The Last Creek land in Georgia was ceded to
the Federal Government
• Rival Creek Menawa was solicited to carry out
Creek law and execute McIntosh for giving
Creek land to the white man.
Indian Removal
• Andrew Jackson – President of the United States
passed a bill, The Indian Removal Act, that called
for all Native Americans to be moved to the
western territories.
• This included the friendly Native Americans such
as the Cherokee who had helped Jackson when
he needed them to fight the Red Stick Creek.
• Choctaw were the first of the tribes to be moved
to the western territories.
• Many died on the march to the west
Creek Removal
• Treaty of Washington (1832) resulted in 5 million
acres of Creek land ceded to the United States
• U.S. agreed to allow Creeks who wished to
remain and live on 2 million of those acres; the
U.S. promised to protect those who stayed
• Those who didn’t wish to stay would have to
move to the western territories
• The treaty was broken, Lower Creek attacked
whites and fearing another Indian War the U.S.
Army captured the Creek; by 1840, nearly all
Creeks were forced to move west
War with Seminoles
• Indian War - U.S. vs. Seminoles in Florida.
• Creek and Cherokee were asked and agreed to
help fight the Seminoles.
• After winning the war, the Creek returned to
their families, who had been gathered in
camps.
• The whole group was then forced west to the
Indian Territory.
The Trail of Tears
• Discovery of gold in Dahlonega by Benjamin
Parks, in north Georgia heightened demand
for Cherokee land (The first gold rush in
America)
• The Supreme Court ruled that Cherokee
territory was not subject to state law, but the
ruling was not enforced
• Georgia legislature passed a law that placed
Cherokee land under state control.
• Between 1832 and 1835, Cherokees were
stripped of their land
The Trail of Tears
• White missionaries spoke out for Cherokee
rights
• Georgia legislature passed a law requiring
whites living on Cherokee land must take an
oath of allegiance to the Georgia governor.
• Reverend Samuel Worchester, postmaster at
New Echota, was amongst those who refused
to sign the oath and was arrested and jailed.
The Trail of Tears
• Worchester was sentenced to 4 years in the
state penitentiary in Milledgeville Georgia.
• Govern George Gilmer agreed to pardon
anyone sentence who would take the oath of
allegiance.
• All but two missionaries took the oath,
Worchester and Elizur Butler took the case to
the U.S. Supreme Court
Worchester vs. Georgia
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Cherokee
territory was not subject to state law.
• Worchester and Butler were ordered to be set
free
• Georgia Judge Clayton refused to release the
missionaries; Governor Lumpkin would not
challenge the Judge
• President Andrew Jackson refused to honor the
U.S. Supreme Court ruling.
• Worchester and Butler abandoned litigation and
left the state.
The Trail of Tears
• Chief John Ross, part white – part Cherokee
attorney, made several trips to Washington to ask
Congress to help protect Cherokee rights and the
terms of past treaties.
• Davy Crockett lost his seat in Congress for
opposing President Jackson on the Indian
Removal Act.
• Daniel Webster and Henry Clay also took a
position of opposition to the dispersion of the
Indians.
The Trail of Tears
• 1835 - Cherokee were told to come to their
capital in New Echota and sign a treaty
giving up all remaining Cherokee land.
• Cherokee trader Major Ridge and his son,
John Ridge are amongst the small group
of Cherokee who agree to sign the treaty
in exchange for food and some monies to
travel to the western territory.
The Trail of Tears
• In 1838, General Winfield Scott carried out
an order against thousands of Cherokees
who were forcibly removed to Oklahoma;
about 4,000 died from disease, exposure,
or hunger while in the stockades, on the
dirty boats, from unfit for consumption
food, or during the foot journey.
• 700 to 800 escaped and hid in the North
Carolina mountains