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20271- Public Economics Lecture 11-12 A. Casarico The technology of skill formation Identify a technology of skill formation which is able to explain six facts from recent empirical literature (Cuhna and Heckman, 2007) Fact 1 Ability gaps open up at early ages Children of the NLSY Average Standardized Score for PIAT Math by Permanent Income Quartiles The technology of skill formation Fact 2 Evidence of sensitive and critical periods in the developing of a child – On average if a second language is learned before age 12, the child speaks it without an accent; – If syntax and grammar are not acquired early on, they appear to be very difficult to learn on in life. – IQ The technology of skill formation Fact 3 High returns to remedial investments in young (rather than adolescent) disadvantaged children - Perinatal interventions that reduce fetal exposure to alcohol and nicotine have substantial long-term effects on cognition, socioemotional skills and health The technology of skill formation Fact 4 If early investments are not followed up by later investments, their effects over time are reduced – Investments appear to be complementary and require follow up to be effective. The technology of skill formation Fact 5 Effects of credit constraint on a child’s adult outcomes depend on the age at which they bind for the child’s family – Augmenting family income or reducing college tuition at the stage of the life cycle when a child goes to college does not go far in compensating for low levels of previous investment. – There is some evidence that credit constraints operating in the early years have effects on adult ability and schooling outcomes. The technology of skill formation Fact 6 Non cognitive skills foster cognitive skills - Emotionally nurturing environments produce more capable learners