Download Nonverbal communication

Communication
Tenth Edition
Chapter 5
Connecting through
Nonverbal
Communication
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
5.1 Differentiate nonverbal communication from verbal
communication.
5.2 Explain the six key characteristics of nonverbal
communication.
5.3 Identify the five common functions of nonverbal
communication.
5.4 Compare and contrast different types of nonverbal
communication and the ways competent communicators
are aware of their nonverbal communication.
5.5 Explain why it is difficult to interpret and understand
nonverbal communication and how to ensure that the
message received is accurate.
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What Is Nonverbal Communication?
(1 of 3)
Learning Objective 5.1:
Differentiate nonverbal
communication from verbal
communication.
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What Is Nonverbal Communication?
(2 of 3)
• Nonverbal communication includes all
behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects that
communicate messages with social meaning.
• Nonverbal communication includes:
– Tone of voice
– Facial expressions
– Posture
– Gestures
– Appearance
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What Is Nonverbal Communication?
(3 of 3)
• Nonverbal communication can enhance or
change the meaning of words.
• We spend more time communicating
nonverbally than verbally.
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Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication (1 of 5)
Learning Objective 5.2:
Explain the six key characteristics of
nonverbal communication.
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Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication (2 of 5)
• Nonverbal Communication Occurs Constantly
– Communication occurs whether something is said or
not.
– Sometimes what is said is less important than what is
not said.
• Nonverbal Communication Depends on Context
– Nonverbal and verbal cues usually supplement and
support each other.
– Nonverbal communication is interpreted within the
context of your friendships and is complemented by
conversation.
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Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication (3 of 5)
• Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable
Than Verbal Communication
– We are more likely to believe nonverbal
communication, even when it contradicts verbal
communication.
– Nonverbal communication is often unintentional and
subconscious.
• Nonverbal Communication Is a Primary Means of
Expression
– We detect feelings even when people say nothing.
– We can detect these emotions because nonverbal
communication is powerful.
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Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication (4 of 5)
• Nonverbal Communication Is Related to Culture
– Norms and rules that govern the management of
behavior differ between cultures.
– Cultures formulate rules that dictate how, when, and
with what consequences nonverbal expressions are
exhibited.
• Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous
– We must exercise care when interpreting nonverbal
communication.
– We cannot assume that nonverbal messages have
only one meaning.
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Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication (5 of 5)
• Nonverbal communication:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Carries most of the meaning of a message
Is a frequent source of misunderstandings
Is not governed by a set of rules
Is multichanneled, complicated, and ever-changing
Is bound to context and language
More likely to be spontaneous and unintentional
Is powerful and more believable than verbal
communication
– Is learned (not always consciously)
– Is critical in relationship development
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Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (1 of 4)
Learning Objective 5.3:
Identify the five common functions of
nonverbal communication.
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Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (2 of 4)
• Complementing Verbal Behavior
– The use of nonverbal cues to compete, describe,
or accent verbal cues is called complementing.
– We use complementary nonverbal cues to accent
verbal behavior by emphasizing or punctuating
our spoken words.
• Repeating Verbal Behavior
– Repeating is the use of nonverbal cues to convey
the same meaning as the verbal message.
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Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (3 of 4)
• Regulating Verbal Behavior
– Nonverbal cues can also be used to control the flow of
communication, known as regulating.
– Senders might not realize they are sending regulating
cues, but receivers are usually aware of them.
• Substituting for Verbal Behavior
– Substituting is the use of nonverbal cues in place of
oral messages when speaking is impossible,
undesirable, or inappropriate.
– Emojis serve as substitutes for oral communication.
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Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (4 of 4)
• Deceiving
– Purposefully misleading others by using nonverbal
cues to create false impressions or to convey
incorrect information is deceiving.
– Lying cannot be confirmed on the basis of
nonverbal behaviors alone.
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Table 5.1: Functions of
Nonverbal Communication
Category
Characteristic
Example
Complementing
Completes, describes, or accents a
verbal message
A person needs help immediately, so he
yells as loudly as possible.
Repeating
Expresses a message identical to the
verbal one
A person says “yes” and nods her head
up and down.
Regulating
Controls flow of communication
A person nods his head as a way of
communicating, “I am interested in
what you are saying,” implying “tell me
more.”
Substituting
Replaces a verbal message with
nonverbal signs to exchange
thoughts
Two people use hand signals to
communicate, because the
environment is too loud to hear each
other’s voices.
Deceiving
Nonverbal cues that purposefully
disguise or mislead to create a false
impression
A doctor examining a patient discovers
a serious problem, but the doctor’s
facial expressions remain neutral so as
not to alarm the patient.
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Types of Nonverbal Communication
(1 of 6)
Learning Objective 5.4:
Compare and contrast different types
of nonverbal communication and the
ways competent communicators are
aware of their nonverbal
communication.
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Types of Nonverbal Communication
(2 of 6)
• Facial Expression and Body Movements
– Kinesics is any movement of the face or body that
communicates a message.
– Eye behavior is a subcategory of facial expressions
that includes any movement or behavior of the eyes.
– Eye behavior is also referred to as oculesics.
– Facial expressions include configuration of the face
that can reflect, augment, contradict, or appear
unrelated to the speaker’s message.
– Facial management techniques involve the control of
facial muscles to conceal inappropriate or
unacceptable responses.
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Types of Nonverbal Communication
(3 of 6)
• Physical Characteristics
– These are more difficult to control.
– Physical attractiveness is an extremely powerful
influence on everyday communication.
• Touch
– Touch is referred to as tactile communication or
haptics.
– The kind and amount of appropriate touch varies
according to individuals, their relationships, and the
situation.
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Types of Nonverbal Communication
(4 of 6)
• Space
– Proxemics is the study of the use of space and of
distance between individuals when they are
communicating.
– The need to identify certain amounts of space as our
own is an aspect of proxemics called territoriality.
• Time
– Chronemics is the study of how people perceive,
structure, and use time as communication.
– We have expectations about how time should be
used, and we often judge others by their use of time.
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Types of Nonverbal Communication
(5 of 6)
• Paralanguage/Vocalics
– Paralanguage or vocalics is the way we vocalize or
say the words we speak.
– Paralanguage includes pitch, vocal force, rate,
quality, and pauses or silence.
• Silence
– Vocal pauses are hesitations, usually short in
duration.
– Silence is an extended period of time without
sound.
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Types of Nonverbal Communication
(6 of 6)
• Artifacts
– Artifacts are personal adornments or possessions that
communicate information about us.
– Clothing, tattoos, eyeglasses, automobiles, and so on
communicate information about our age, gender,
status, role, and class.
• Environment
– Environment involves the psychological and physical
surroundings in which communication occurs.
– The best environment allows a speaker’s message to
be delivered accurately.
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Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret
Nonverbal Communication (1 of 3)
Learning Objective 5.5:
Explain why it is difficult to interpret
and understand nonverbal
communication and how to ensure
that the message received is accurate.
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret
Nonverbal Communication (2 of 3)
• Self-monitoring is:
– The willingness to change behavior to fit a situation
– An awareness of how we affect others
– The ability to regulate nonverbal cues
• To improve interpretation of nonverbal
communication:
– Be observant and sensitive to the messages you
receive.
– Verify unclear or inconsistent nonverbal messages.
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Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret
Nonverbal Communication (3 of 3)
• There are three reasons for misinterpreting
nonverbal communication:
– Nonverbal cues have multiple meanings.
– Nonverbal cues are interdependent. We use the
functional approach when we use more than one
nonverbal message at a time to look for meaning.
– Nonverbal cues are subtle. If you are not certain
of a sender’s intention, use descriptive feedback
to verify the message’s meaning.
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