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Chapter 23
War and Revolution
1914 – 1919
Key Events
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by a
Serbian nationalist
• Militarism, nationalism, and alliances drew nations into
war
• The United States’s entry into the war helped the
Allies
• The impact of the war at home led to an increase in
the federal government’s powers and changed the
status of women
• The Russian Revolution ended with the Communists in
power
• Peace settlements caused lingering resentment
• The League of Nations was formed
The Impact Today
• World War I led to the disintegration
of empires and the creation of new
states
• Communism became a factor in global
conflict as other nations turned to its
ideology
• The Balkans continue to be an area of
political unrest
Chapter Preview
“The Battle of
Somme”
Section 1
The Road to
World War I
Voices From the Past – Page 717
• On June 28, 1914 the heir to the
Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke
Francis Ferdinand, was assassinated
in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.
• This event was the immediate cause
of World War I, but underlying
forces had been moving Europeans
toward war for some time.
Nationalism and the System of Alliances
• The system of nation-states that
emerged in Europe in the last half of
the nineteenth century led not to
cooperation but to competition
• Two loose alliances formed:
– Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
– Triple Entente (1907) – France, Great
Britain, and Russia
• In the early 20th century the alliances
were tested with several crises
Internal Dissent
• Socialists were increasingly inclined to
use strikes, even violent ones, to
achieve their labor movement goals.
• Some conservative leaders feared that
European nations were on the verge of
revolution.
• Some historians believe that the desire
to suppress internal disorder may have
encouraged various leaders to take the
plunge into war in 1914.
Militarism
• The growth of mass armies after 1900
increased the existing tensions in
Europe.
• Conscription (A military draft) had been
used in many European countries before
1914.
• Militarism (Aggressive preparation for
war) was growing.
Approximate Size of Armies (1914)
• Russian – 1,300,000 soldiers
• French – 900,000 soldiers
• German – 900,000 soldiers
• British – 250,000 to 500,000 soldiers
• Italian - 250,000 to 500,000 soldiers
• Austro-Hungarian - 250,000 to 500,000
soldiers
Approximate Size of Armies (1914)
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Number of Soldiers
The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914
• The Serbian Problem (Page 719)
• June 28, 1914 – Archduke Francis Ferdinand
(Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) and
his wife Sophia are shot and killed by Gavrilo
Princip (A 19 year old Bosnian Serb). He was
part of a Serbian terrorist group that wanted
Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungry
• With the support of Germany, Austrian
leaders sent an ultimatum to Serbia on July
23rd. Serbia rejects and Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia on July 28th.
The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914
(Continued)
• Russia was determined to support Serbia’s
cause
• Czar Nicholas II ordered full mobilization of
the Russian army on July 29th (Knowing that
Germany would consider this order an act of
war)
• Germany ordered Russia to halt mobilization
within 12 Hours. Russia ignored the warning.
Germany declared war on Russia on August 1st.
The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914
(Continued)
• The Schlieffen Plan (Germany) – A 2 front
war with France and Russia.
• Germany declared war on France on August
3rd. Also demanded that Belgium allow
German troops to pass through.
• Great Britain declares war on Germany on
August 4th. They were allied with France and
Russia. Feared that if Germany and AustriaHungary won the war where would that leave a
“Friendless England”.
The Schlieffen Plan
Section 2
The
War
1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate
• Government propaganda genuinely convinced
most people that their nation’s cause was
just.
• In August 1914 almost everyone believed
that the war would be over in a few weeks.
• The Western Front – Trench warfare kept
both the French and Germans in virtually the
same positions for 4 years. Two lines of
trenches reached from the English Channel
to the frontiers of Switzerland.
1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate
(Continued)
• The Eastern Front – Marked by mobility.
The cost in lives was equally as enormous as
the Western Front. In the beginning of the
war the Russians were soundly defeated in
Eastern Germany. However, AustriaHungary (Germany’s ally) faired poorly in
Serbia.
• Italy betrayed their German and Austrian
allies and joined the Allied powers (Allies).
• Germany Aids the Austrians and devastates
the Russian army at Galicia.
New Technologies in WWI
Major advances in
military technology
were made to
shorten the war, but
only caused massive
casualties and
lengthened the war
• Machine Guns
• Airplanes
• Tanks
• Submarines
• Airships
(Zeppelins)
1916 to 1917: The Great Slaughter
• The trench warfare caused the Western
Front to turn into a war of attrition.
• By the end of 1915, airplanes had appeared
on the battlefront for the first time in
history. First used to spot positions, then
used for attacks.
• Fight for air control. At first pilots used
pistols to shoot at each other. Later,
machine guns were mounted on planes.
• Germans used giant airships (zeppelins) to
bomb London and Eastern England.
German Gun Crew in Gas Masks
German Machine Gun in Support
of Attack
German Airship (Zeppelin)
German Tri-Plane
American Bi-Plane
Planes as Infantry Support
German Tank in WWI
British Tanks in WWI
WWI Tank Crossing a Trench
French Light Tank used in WWI
French Renault Light Tank
German U-Boats (Military Submarine)
German Submarine Crew
Widening of the War
• Both sides sought to gain new allies who
might provide a winning advantage.
• The Ottoman Empire joined Germany’s side
and the Allies declared war on the Ottoman
Empire in November 1914. Bulgaria also
joined Germany’s side.
• In return for a promise of the Austrian
territory, Italy joins the war with the Allies.
• By 1917, the war that had started in Europe
had truly become a world conflict.
Widening of the War (Continued)
Widening of the War (Continued)
Most Significant Nations
Central Powers and Allies
•
•
•
•
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Allies
•
•
•
•
•
•
Russia
Great Britain
France
Italy
Japan
United States
(Entered the war in
April 1917)
Entry of the United States
• The U.S. tried to remain neutral at first.
• The immediate cause of the U.S. entry into the war
was the naval war between Germany and Great
Britain. British naval blockade vs. German
unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Sinking of the British ship Lusitania on May 7, 1915
by German forces killed about 1,100 civilians,
including over 100 Americans (Germany suspends
unrestricted sub warfare)
• The return to unrestricted submarine warfare in
April, 1917 brought the U.S. into the war. The U.S.
did not arrive in large numbers in Europe until 1918.
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
• The war affected all citizens of countries at
war, regardless of how remote they may be
from the battlefields
• Increased government powers:
– Countries drafted tens of millions of young men
– Planned economies took over for Free-market
capitalist systems
– The difference between the soldiers at war and
civilians at home was narrowed (All were dealing
with the war efforts)
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
(Continued)
• Governments were forced to continue and
also change the way they manipulated
public opinion about the war
• This was especially true as moral dropped
• Women took on many important
employment roles while the men were
away at war
• Women in Germany, Great Britain, United
States, and Austria were given the right
to vote following the war
Section 3
The Russian
Revolution
Background to Revolution
• Russia was unprepared both
militarily and technologically
for World War I (Lack of
military leaders and weapons)
• Massive casualties from 1914 –
1916. By 1917 the Russian will
to fight had vanished
Czar Nicholas II
• The Romanov family ruled in
Russia for decades, and Nicholas
II was the last to rule.
• Due to the failure of Russia
during WWI, and his leadership
at the battlefront, Czar Nicholas
II steps down from rule in 1917
Rasputin’s Influence
• While Czar Nicholas II was leading
Russia’s armies, his wife, Alexandra,
was in charge of domestic affairs in
St. Petersburg (Petrograd).
• Alexandra was brought under the
influence of a spiritual leader,
Rasputin, who continually interfered
with Russian government decisions.
Revolution and Lenin
• The soviets were groups of workers
and soldiers throughout Russia that
rose up to challenge the governments
authority in March 1917.
• From this group of soviets, the
Bolsheviks became the most
influential, and led to the rise in
power of Vladimer Ulianov, who
became known as V.I. Lenin.
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
• Lenin believed the Bolsheviks should use
the soviet soldiers, workers, and peasants
to overthrow the government.
• Three slogans summed up the Bolsheviks
program:
– “Peace, Land, Bread”
– “Worker Control of Production”
– “All Power to the Soviets”
• To secure peace, Lenin signed the Treaty of
BrestLitovsk and gave up eastern Poland,
Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic provinces.
Civil War in Russia
• The Bolsheviks (Communists), under Lenin’s
leadership believed that everyone should
have the same rights, and that the ruling
party (The Romanovs) should be disposed
of
• On July 16, 1918 the Bolsheviks had the
Czar and his family killed
• The civil war in Russia was between the
White Army (non-communist) and the Red
Army (Bolsheviks)
Triumph of the Communists
• The Red Army wins the Russian Civil War
and establish a communist rule in the new
Soviet Union
• War communism becomes policy in Russia
(The Soviet Union) which guaranteed
regular supplies for the Red Army
• By 1921, the Red Army controlled all of
the Soviet Union, creating a communist,
totalitarian government under Lenin
Section 4
End of the
War
The Last Year of the War
• In 1917 it did not look good for the
allies:
– Badly defeated on the Western front
– Russian revolution led to Russia’s withdrawal
from the war
• However, the entry of the U.S. into the war
in 1917 gave the allies a psychological boost
• German forces attempted a grand offensive
in the west to break the military stalemate.
Influence of American Troops
• American troops arrived in France
in 1918.
• Allied troops (French, Moroccan,
and American) were able to stop
the final German assault at the
second battle of the Marne, in July.
• With more than a million American
troops pouring into France, Allied
forces began a steady advance
towards France.
Germany Collapse and Armistice
• William II gives into public
pressure and left the country on
November 9th.
• The Social Democrats under
Friedrich Ebert announced the
creation of a democratic republic.
• On November 11, 1918 the new
German government signed an
armistice.
Revolutionary Forces
• A German communist party tried to
seize power from the Social Democrats
in Berlin and Munich.
• Austria-Hungary also experienced
disintegration and revolution. By the
time the war ended the AustriaHungarian empire was no more.
• The Empire was replaced by
independent republics and the
monarchical state of Yugoslavia.
The Peace Settlements
• In January, 1919 representatives of 27
victorious allied nations met in Paris to
make a final settlement of the Great
War.
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson became
the spokesperson for a new world order
based on democracy and international
cooperation
The Paris Peace Conference
• The big 3 – U.S. (Wilson), France
(Clemenceau), and Great Britain
(George) didn’t all have the same agenda
• In the end, only compromise made it
possible to achieve a peace settlement
• League of nations was formed
(international peacekeeping
organization) – A wish of President
Wilson
• Reparations – German payments to cover
the costs of the war
The Treaty of Versailles
• June 28, 1919
– German lands taken from France in 1871
are finally returned, to create a buffer
zone between France and Germany
– Germany was forced to reduce the size of
its military forces to 100,000 troops, which
essentially served as a police force
– The new German government complained
but, unwilling to risk a renewal of the war,
they accepted the treaty
A New Map of Europe
• German and Russian empires lost a lot of
territory and the Austro-Hungarian
Empire disappeared
• The following nation states emerged
from the lands of these empires:
Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria,
Hungary, and Yugoslavia.
The War’s Legacy
• World progress was halted:
–The death of 10 million people
during the war
–Incredible destruction from the
war
• World War I was a total war,
one that involved a complete
mobilization of resources and
people
Chapter 23
War and
Revolution
Wrap Up and Review
Key Events (Re-visited)
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by
a Serbian nationalist
• Militarism, nationalism, and alliances drew nations
into war
• The United States’s entry into the war helped
the Allies
• The impact of the war at home led to an increase
in the federal government’s powers and changed
the status of women
• The Russian Revolution ended with the
Communists in power
• Peace settlements caused lingering resentment
• The League of Nations was formed
The Impact Today (Re-visited)
• World War I led to the disintegration
of empires and the creation of new
states
• Communism became a factor in global
conflict as other nations turned to its
ideology
• The Balkans continue to be an area of
political unrest