Download Unification and Nationalism Examples

Nationalism
Germany and Italy
I can explain the unification of
Germany and Italy
What impact does
Napoleon have in Europe?
• Napoleonic Wars: 1799-1815
• He conquers much of Europe
– Deposing leaders, changing boundaries
• He changes the nature of war
– New technologies
– New strategies: blockades, waging war on
civilians
Why does Nationalism
develop after Napoleon?
• National—
• Ism—
• Definition:
What are the benefits of a country
displaying nationalism?
What are the drawbacks of a country
displaying nationalism?
Congress of Vienna
• 1814-1815
• Purpose: to rebuild Europe after Napoleon
• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and
France all sent diplomats
Prince Klemens von Metternich
• From Austria; wanted 3 major goals
completed:
– Containment of France
– Balance of Power
– Legitimacy (restoring rulers Napoleon
dethroned)
RESULTS:
• The Congress of Vienna
– Created a group of 39 German States
– Returned many French conquered
countries back to power
– Diminished some of France’s power (but
not too much!!)
– Returned dethroned rulers to power
– Created a balance of power and brought a
temporary peace to Europe
Europe 1812
Europe 1815
CONSERVATISM
• A return to ways of the past---monarchies,
royal families
• A social hierarchy
• An established church
• SLOW changes
• Fear of revolutions
• Opposed freedom of press and protests
LIBERALISM
• More supportive of revolutions
• Wanted constitutions based on separation of
power
• No monarchies
• Life, liberty, property
• Political rights for male property owners
• A middle class movement
Crash Course
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94o
Cl_M
• Watch this one:
• http://www.the-map-ashistory.com/demos/tome01/index.php
– Who is happy?
– Who might not be so happy?
– What potential issues could arise from this?
• http://aofe.pbworks.com/f/Nationalism.pdf
GERMANY
• Early 1800s – no unified “Germany”
• German-speaking people lived in Prussia and
other states (Bavaria, Saxony, etc…)
• Germanic people had been around since the
times of the Romans
• Napoleon’s raids had spurred German
nationalism and contempt for French
• Otto von Bismarck – “The Iron Chancellor” –
prime minister of the Prussian monarchy.
– Master of Realpolitik
• Realistic policies based on the needs of the state; power is
more important than principles; diplomacy would never unite
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Bismarck
• Pulled away from Austria, which had
historically ruled the German states
• Began process of German unification
– Built up Prussian army
– Annexed smaller, weaker German states
– “Started” the Franco-Prussian War.
• Why would he start a war?
• He knew other German states would unify against
France (Germans hated France since Napoleon)
Franco-Prussian War
1870
• Started over a disagreement about an heir to
the Spanish throne.
• He “edited” a telegram sent to him by the
Prussian king, William.
• Made it look like King Will insulted France.
Made Napoleon III furious. He declares war.
• Prussia beats France in 6 weeks
– How? Modern technology (telegraphs, railroads,
breech-loading weapons)
Franco-Prussian War
• Humiliating for the French
– Very quick defeat
– Forced to pay Prussia to leave
– Lose 2 border provinces: Alsace and Lorraine
• The huge Prussian victory led to the crowning
of Will I as “Kaiser” William I (emperor)
• 1871 – “Germany” becomes a unified nation
ITALY
• Had not been a unified nation since the days
of the Roman Empire
• People there spoke common language (Italian)
but lived in several city-states ruled by Austria
and other foreign powers.
• Reasons some wanted unification:
– Made economic sense (remove tariffs)
– Common language, history, culture
Nationalist Leaders
Giuseppe Mazzini
Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Count Camillo Cavour
Italy
• Mazzini-founded Young Italy in the 1830s
– A secret society
– Organized a revolution, but it failed. He was
exiled. Important: planted seeds of nationalism
•
•
•
•
Cavour-became Prime Minister of Sardinia
King-Victor Emmanuel II
Cavour was a crafty politician like Bismarck
Secret alliance with France; provoked war with
Austria. Won and annexed some Italian
states.
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
• Garibaldi –longtime nationalist – recruited
1,000 red-shirted volunteers.
• Invaded Sicily and conquered north to Naples
• Very patriotic, turned over his control to
Victor Emmanuel.
• By 1870, all of Italy was unified.
CRITICAL CONNECTIONS
• In what ways can the nationalist movements
of the 1800s be traced back to Napoleon and
the Congress of Vienna?
• How does France’s humiliation in the FrancoPrussian war contribute to future conflict?