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The history and future development of antibiotic Wang Yuxia Outline 1. The history / discovery 2. Function and classify 3. Production, producer, medium 4. Future development, trends 1. 1 The definition Change of definition Original definition Antibiotic is a kind of chemical substance produced by microorganism, which can kill, inhibit or disturb other microorganism. 抗生素是一种微生物产生的、能抑制或干扰其他 微生物生长、甚至杀死它种微生物的一种化学物质。 Modern definition Antibiotic is a kind of organic substance produced by microorganism, plant and animal (or chemical synthesis), which can selectively inhibit or kill other creatures at lower concentration. 现代定义:抗生素是微生物、植物和动物产生的 (或化学合成获得的)、能够在低微浓度下有选 择地抑制或杀灭它种生物的有机物质。 抗生素 Antibiotics 是生物在其生产活动过 Any organic substances 程中所产生,并能 produced by various 在低微浓度下有选 organisms that have the 择性地抑制或杀灭 abilities to selectively inhibit or kill other 其他微生物或肿瘤 microorganisms or tumor 细胞的有机物质。 cells at lower concentration. Top 10 discoveries 1. Natural selection 6. Laws of inheritance 2. General relativity 7. Germ theory 3. E=MC2 8. Penicillin 4. Periodic table of 9. Microorganism elements 5. The earth moves 10. Newton’s laws of motion 1.2 The discovery of antibiotics Before the discovery of antibiotics, infection diseases, the first killer surgery (over 50%), childbirth (more than that). Cities were empty. Yersinia pestis (鼠疫杆菌), shigella dysenteriae (痢疾杆菌) , other infections 1.2 The discovery of antibiotics Alexander Doctor Fleming , who worked in Mary hospital of London University, joined the army at the outbreak of the First World War (1914). He became a captain of Britain Royal surgeon group. Seven hundreds of thousands The Verdun Battle (凡尔登战役) both sides of French and German Even, every soldiers’ single step could step on a body of 1.2 The discovery of antibiotics The battle of Somme(索姆河战役) , more than sixty thousands, casualties of British, the first day, the preponderant of fire and solid fortifications(工事) of German. Surgeries of debridement suture(清创缝合) Soldiers were die in the bed, infection and fester(感染溃烂) of wounds, bacteria, after treated by doctors. What’s the bacteria? Bacteria, unicellular biont(单细胞生物) can be seen using microscopically(显微镜), 1,500 species. Exists every where, possess powerful viability(生存力) , all kinds of environments, the largest distributation. Until 1918, the end of WWI, no useful antibacterial agent(抗菌剂, kill the bacterial, Do not injuring the wound tissue. What’s wrong with the mildew(霉斑) Back, Fleming made his mind to research the antibacterial agent. Cultivated, in incubator(培养器) and observed morphological changes(形态变化) and growth for the methods to control it. Boring work, prolonged, day, year. Until 1928, the great discovery was discovered by Fleming in an occasional accident in medicine. What’s wrong with the mildew? 抗生素的发现 Penicillin was discovered from the On Sep. 15, 1928, Alexander Fleming published his discovery with unexpected observation of aconservative phenomenon. voice:“ The culture of mold contained something had Ithe to What I didwhich is just doabilities not ignore it. dissolved staphylococcus(葡萄球菌)” observation. That kind of substance named penicillin(青 霉素) by Fleming. 1.2 The discovery of antibiotics The destiny of Penicillin Although Fleming knew that penicillin with “perfect” property proved by his test, which could save many people. It must be done about the molecular structure before industry production. Fleming was microbiologist not chemist. He didn’t know how to isolate and purify penicillin. The research on penicillin was interrupted at that time. The distance between the discovery and application is so far away. 1.3 The production of penicillin 1939,The second world war. The need for antibacterial agent(抗菌剂) was eagerly expected by all kinds of wounds. 1.3 The production of penicillin Chain, a biochemist, came to Britain for eluding persecution to Jewish from Nazi. One day, he found the experimental record about penicillin in University of Oxford. 1.3 The production of penicillin Then, he came to Florey, an Australian pathologist. They restarted to study Penicillin. After 3 years research, the finally isolated and purified penicillin by freeze drying. 1.3 The production of penicillin 0.1g/3h, leukaemia (白血病), 5 days’ injection, food. the six day, dying, lack, penicillin. large-scale production of penicillin 1.3 The production of penicillin 1939, 1/9 -1945, 2/9. brought penicillin to America. The government of USA gave order to produce penicillin as the first military supplies. Up to 1944, plentiful penicillin, the lines of American pharmaceutical factory. The remarkable contribution of penicillin Battle of Normandy The three discoveries are penicillin, atomic bomb and radar during WWII. 抗生素的发现 1945年,Fleming, Chain, Florey Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine 发现青霉素的弗莱明教授与制取青霉素的 弗洛里教授和钱恩教授一起获得了 诺贝尔 生理学和医学奖。 亚历山大‧弗来明1955年逝世,终年74 岁。