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Reformation Questions
1.
What caused an upset which led to the Great Schism?
2.
Where were the two centers of power for the church?
3.
Why did people dislike the Church?
4.
Who were the Protestants?
5.
Name 3 Reformers?
6.
What led Martin Luther to write the Ninety-Five Theses?
7.
What became a good method to spreading Luther’s Ideas? Why?
8.
Why was there a peasant revolt in the 1500s?
9.
Who founded Calvinism?
10. Who started the Church of England?
11. What was the Counter Reformation, Jesuits, and the Inquisition?
Trouble for the Catholic
Church
 In the 1300s and 1400s, many
followers disagreed with the
catholic church.
 Many people left the church.
 From 1378-1417 Pope Clement V
decided to move the Roman
Catholic Government from
Rome, Italy to Avignon,
France.
 This caused a great upset
which led to the Great Schism.
The Great Schism
 In 1305, the French king used to
his power to elect Clement V as
the pope.
 2 years later Clement V moves
the center of the church to
Avignon.
 After the move most popes were
French.
 This made Europeans feel the
French king was controlling the
pope.
 This resulted in a struggle for
control of the church.
A Struggle for Power
 The church developed two
centers of power-Avignon and
Rome.
 In 1378, the two sides split and
elected different popes. This
split became known as the Great
Schism.
 This caused confusion and doubt
among Christians and weakened
the church.
 In 1414, the emperor summoned
an end to the schism. Church
officials removed both popes
and elected Pope Martin V.
Criticism of the Church
 Over the centuries, the medieval
church had become an
enormous institution.
 The church owned one-third of
all the land in Europe.
 Church leaders needed huge
sums of money to maintain the
institution.
 People were anger of how the
church earned and spent its
money.
A Corrupt Church
 Many people disliked paying
taxes to the church and they
were upset that the church paid
no taxes.
 Reformers also objected the sale
of indulgences.
 An indulgence is a relaxation of
earthly penalty for sin. However,
sometimes they were sold as a
pardon for sin. People bought
these thinking they could avoid
punishment in the after life and
buy their way into heaven.
Reformers Take a Stand
 During the 4th and 15th century a
number of reformers like Martin
Luther, took a stand against the
church.
 John Wycliffe, a philosopher and
priest questioned the pope’s
right to levy taxes and appoint
church officials.
 Dutch priest and scholar,
Desiderius Erasmus, urged
people to pursue a true Christian
faith.
Luther Confronts the
Church
 Martin Luther saw the church as a
corruption of the original Christian
faith. His ideas represented the new
reform movement.
 He was born in Germany and was
going to study law when in 1515, he
was struck by lightening.
 Fearing for his life he vowed to
become a monk. He felt that he was
a sinner and was punished.
 He believed that people could be
saved only if they had faith in Christ.
As a result, he questioned that idea
that salvation could be won through
good works.
Luther’s Ninety-Five
Theses
 Luther’s ideas led to conflict in the
church. The conflict began in 1517,
Wittenberg, Germany.
 Church officials were selling
indulgences to Finance St. Peter’s
Cathedral in Rome. Luther
disapproved and wrote out all his
disputes with the church in his
ninety-five theses.
 The Theses were ideas that Luther
wanted to debate.
 These included: The Bible as the only
source of God, People don’t need the
clergy to interpret the Bible,
salvation can be gained only through
faith.
Ninety-Five Theses
 In 1529, German princes who
remained loyal to the church
agreed to unite against Luther.
 Princes who support him signed a
protest against the agreement.
 The protest earned them the
name Protestants.
 Eventually, Protestant became the
name for Christians who broke
with the Catholic Church.
 Protestants use the term
Reformation to describe the
movement of opposition to the
Christian Church.
Luther’s Ideas Spread
 Luther’s ideas spread with priests who
preached his message in their churches.
 Churchgoers talked about it in the streets
and universities.
 Merchants spread Luther’s ideas along the
trade routes.
 The printed word also became an
effective method for spreading Luther’s
ideas.
The Printed Word
 The printed word became an
effective method for spreading
ideas because:
 The printing process was
cheaper.
 More people could read
 Bibles were printed in local
languages.
 People could interpret the bible
for themselves and develop
their own ideas which
challenged the authority of the
church.
The Peasants Revolt
 Peasants during the 1500s,
wanted better living conditions
and wages.
 Peasants began to use Luther’s
ideas to justify revolts.
 Luther condemned both the
peasants for the violent nature
of the revolts and the nobility
for their disregard for the
peasants.
 In 1521, Charles V made Luther an
outlaw but too many people
supported Luther and a peace
treaty was signed called the
Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
The Reformation Grows
 Luther believed the bible
was the only source of
religious truth, people
read the bible in different
ways.
 This led to many different
interpretations.
 John Calvin was a French
reformer and his
interpretation of the bible
led to a type of
Protestantism called
Calvinism.
Calvinism
 John Calvin argued that Christians
could do nothing to earn
salvation. God had chosen people
for salvation even before they are
born.
 This idea is called predestination.
If people are condemned there is
nothing they can do about it.
 Calvin became an important
leader Calvinism and of the
Protestant Revolution.
The Church of England
 The Reformation in England was
different than the rest of Europe.
 It started with King Henry VIII
wanting a divorce from his wife,
but the pope would not permit it.
 As a result, Henry refused to
recognize the Catholic church and
he founded the Church of
England. (also called the Anglican
Church.)
 It kept the Catholic beliefs but
rejected the pope.
The Counter
Reformation
 The Catholic church began new
policies to stop the spread of
Protestantism called the
Counter Reformation.
 The Council of Trent met to
reform and define the Catholic
belief system.
 They wanted to show how the
Catholic church and
Protestantism differed.
The Jesuits
 A new religious order of the
Society of Jesus or Jesuits.
 The Spaniard, Ignatius of
Loyola formed the Jesuits in
the 1500s.
 The Jesuits were more like the
military than a religious order.
 They learned obedience and
discipline.
 Their education was based on a
balance of faith and reason.
The Inquisition
 The Inquisition was a court that
established to investigate
people “who wander away
from the way of the lord and
the Catholic faith.”
 Church officials used
intimidation and sometimes
torture to get people to confess
their sins-including that of
being Protestant.
 They also burnt any forbidden
books which included the
Protestant Bible.
The Expansion of
Christianity
 During the 16th century the
Catholic Church sent
missionaries to spread the faith
all throughout the world and
convert people to the church.
 The Protestants tried to send
missionaries as well but the
Catholic church was more
successful.
 The religious geography of the
world had a great impact on the
Americas religious landscape.
 Protestants' new practices of
self-government may have
helped the development of the
democratic practices.