Download have cooked

Grammar:
Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
Noun
Adverb
Pronoun
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Verb
Interjection
Nouns

A noun is a word or word group that is used to name a
person, place, thing, or idea.
Take out a clean sheet of paper!
 Watch the video and make a list of all of the nouns you hear
and see.

School House Rock Video
Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular nouns name one person, place, thing, or idea.


boy, town, cookie
Plural nouns name more than one person, place, or
thing.

boys, towns, cookies
Forming plural nouns:
Nouns ending with:
To Form Plural Nouns:
Example:
s, z, zz, ch, sh, x
add es
church- churches
o after a vowel
add s
patio- patios
o after a consonant
usually add es
echo- echoes
sometimes add s
piano- pianos
y after a vowel
add s
monkey- monkeys
y after a consonant
usually change y to i and add es
fly- flies
f or fe
usually change f to v and add es
knife- knives
earmuffs- earmuffs
Collective Nouns

Collective nouns name a group of people or things.

class, team, herd, murder

Collective nouns can take either a singular or plural verb.

Make the verb singular when the group acts as a unit.


The crowd was excited by the close game.
Make the verb plural when each member acts separately.

The crowd were pushing each other to get through the
gate.
Common and Proper Nouns

Common nouns name a person, place, or thing that is not
specific.


student, school, video game
Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing.
Proper nouns ALWAYS begin with capital letters.

Jan Lopez, Midway Middle, Call of Duty: Black Ops 3
Possessive Nouns

Possessive nouns show ownership.

The lion’s mane.

The tigers’ trainer is brave.
Forming Possessive Nouns:
Nouns:
To Form Possessive:
Example:
Most singular nouns
Add an apostrophe and –s (‘s)
The seal’s ball is
red.
Singular nouns
ending in -s
Add an apostrophe and –s (‘s)
Chris’s ticket got
lost.
Plural nouns ending
in -s
Add an apostrophe (‘)
The tigers’ trainer
was brave.
Plural nouns not
ending in -s
Add and apostrophe and –s
(‘s)
The people’s faces
are happy.
Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that is used in place of one or more
nouns or pronouns.

Instead of saying:
Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla found a kangaroo that followed
Rufus home, and now that kangaroo belongs to Rufus Xavier
Sarsaparilla.
We can say:
He found a kangaroo that followed him home, and now it is
his.
School House Rock Video

The word or word group that a pronoun stands for is
called its antecedent.
Pronoun- Antecedent
He-Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla
Him- Rufus
It- kangaroo
His- Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla

Sometimes the antecedent is not stated because it is
implied.
“Because saying all those nouns over and over can really
wear you down.”
Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first
person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one
spoken about (third person).

Example: “If she found a kangaroo I would say to you…”
1st Person
Singular
I, me
Plural
we, us
2nd Person
3rd Person
you
he, him; she, her; It
you
they, them


A subject pronoun is a personal pronoun that is the
subject of a sentence is a subject pronoun.

I, you, he, she, it, we, they

Grandma was really excited that I spent the day with her.
An object pronoun is personal pronoun that is the object
of a sentence is an object pronoun.

me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Grandma was really excited that I spent the day with her.
Possessive Pronouns
 Possessive pronouns are another kind of
personal pronoun. They show ownership.
 my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our,
ours, their, theirs
 The yellow jacket with pink polka dots is mine.
 Always try to do your best.
 That was his dog we saw at the playground.
Indefinite Pronouns (add to page 89)

An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, thing, or
idea that may or may not be specifically named.

Does anyone know where we can get a rhino?

Everyone noticed the loud animals on the bus.
Singular Indefinite Pronouns
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
everybody
everyone
everything
much
neither
nobody
no one
nothing
one
somebody
someone
something
Plural Indefinite Pronouns
all
any
both
few
many
others
several
some
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns


A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject and separates
the pronoun and subject by a verb.

Rufus reminded himself to speak slowly and clearly.

Please help yourself to the snacks on the table.
An intensive pronoun refers to the subject but is
unnecessary to the basic meaning of the sentence.

Rufus himself supplied the food for the kangaroo.

The author approved the book cover herself.
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular
Myself
Plural
Ourselves
Yourself
Himself, herself,
itself
Yourselves
Themselves
* Remember to take the pronoun out of the sentence. The pronoun
is intensive if the sentences makes sense without it.The pronoun is
reflexive if the sentence does not make sense without it (and a
verb will separate the subject and pronoun).
Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points out a specific person,
place, thing, or idea.

this, that, these, those

Those were driving the people on the bus crazy.
Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun introduces a question.

what, which, who, whom, whose

“Who brought that rhinoceros on the bus?”

“What made that terrible noise?”

“Which one of them is getting off first?”
Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause.

that, which, who, whom, whose

Albert Andreas Armadillo, who is in no relation to the
Sarsaparillas, wants a rhinoceros.
Adjectives

An adjective is a word that is used to modify (describe) a
noun or a pronoun.

gentle dog; pink paper; two sisters
School House Rock Video

Adjectives answer the following questions:
What
Kind?
Which Ones
Or One?
How Many or
How Much?
gentle dog
sixth grade
two tickets
Irish town
these books
full pitcher
scary movie
other people
most players
purple shoes
any CD
no work

Adjectives usually come before the words they modify.


The dog is gentle.
Sometimes, however, an adjective comes after the word it
modifies.

The gentle dog is playing with the baby.

A proper adjective is an adjective formed from a proper
noun. Sometimes they have a different ending than the
proper noun, but they will always begin with a capital
letter.

Example: Wyoming foothills; Irish (IRELAND) town;
Articles

The words a, an, and the are special types of adjectives
called articles.


The words this, that, these, and those are demonstrative
adjectives. They are used to point something out.
Do not get demonstrative adjectives confused with
demonstrative pronouns.








What are these skates doing in the living room? (adj.)
What are these doing in the living room? (p.)
I prefer that brand of frozen yogurt. (adj.)
I prefer that. (p.)
Are those autographs his? (adj.)
Are those really his autographs? (p.)
This suit was once worn by the president. (adj.)
This was the president’s suit. (p.)
Verbs

A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being.
School House Rock Video
Action and Linking Verbs


An action verb expresses an activity.

Mom always cooks dinner for our family.

We went to Boston last April.
A linking verb connects, or links, a subject to a word that
identifies or describes the subject.
 Robert
 The
Frost is a poet.
firefighters appeared victorious.
Being Verbs (Forms of “To Be”)
Tense
I
You
He/She/It
We
They
Present
am
are
is
are
are
Past
was
were
was
were
were
Future
will be
will be
will be
will be
will be
Present
Perfect
have
been
have
been
has
been
have
been
have
been
Past
Perfect
had
been
had
been
had
been
had
been
had
been
Future
Perfect
will have
been
will have
been
will have
been
will have
been
will have
been
Helping Verbs

In many sentences, a single word is all that is needed to
express the action or state of being.
The dog barked all night.
 Mr. Rivera is the new English teacher.



In other sentences, the verb consists of a main verb and
one or more helping verbs. A helping verb helps the main
verbs to express action or a state of being.
The main verb and its helping verb(s) are called a verb
phrase.
Manuel can speak two languages.
 The cat should have been fed this morning.

Commonly Used Helping Verbs
Am
Being
Do
Have
Must
Were
Are
Can
Does
Is
Shall
Will
Be
Could
Had
May
Should
Would
Been
Did
Has
Might
Was
Verb Tenses
Past:
Existing or
happening
in the past
Past Perfect:
Existing or
happening
before a
specific time
in the past
Present:
Existing or
happening
now
Present Perfect:
Existing or
happening
sometime before
now; may be
continuing now
Future:
Existing or
happening in
the future
Future Perfect:
Existing or
happening
before a specific
time in the
future
Past
Present
Future
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect
Progressive
(base)
(be + base + ing)
(have + base + ed)
(have + be + base + ing)
I cooked
He cooked
She cooked
They cooked
We cooked
I was cooking
He was cooking
She was cooking
They were cooking
We were cooking
I had cooked
He had cooked
She had cooked
They had cooked
We had cooked
I had been cooking
He had been cooking
She had been cooking
They had been cooking
We had been cooking
I cook
He cooks
She cooks
They cook
We cook
I am cooking
He is cooking
She is cooking
They are cooking
We are cooking
I have cooked
He has cooked
She has cooked
They have cooked
We have cooked
I have been cooking
He has been cooking
She has been cooking
They have been cooking
We have been cooking
I will cook
He will cook
She will cook
They will cook
We will cook
I will be cooking
He will be cooking
She will be cooking
They will be cooking
We will be cooking
I will have cooked
He will have cooked
She will have cooked
They will have cooked
We will have cooked
I will have been cooking
He will have been cooking
She will have been cooking
They will have been cooking
We will have been cooking
Regular and Irregular Verbs


A regular verb forms past tense by adding –d or –ed to the
base :
Base
Present
Participle
Past
Past
Participle
wash
is washing
washed
have washed
hop
is hopping
hopped
have hopped
An irregular verb forms past tense in another way.
Common Irregular Verbs
Base Form
bring
buy
choose
come
do
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
find
freeze
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hit
hold
keep
know
Present Participle
[is] bringing
[is] buying
[is] choosing
[is] coming
[is] doing
[is] drinking
[is] driving
[is] eating
[is] falling
[is] feeling
[is] finding
[is] freezing
[is] getting
[is] giving
[is] going
[is] growing
[is] having
[is] hearing
[is] hitting
[is] holding
[is] keeping
[is] knowing
Past
brought
bought
chose
came
did
drank
drove
ate
fell
felt
found
froze
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hit
held
kept
knew
Past Participle
[have] brought
[have] bought
[have] chosen
[have] come
[have] done
[have] drunk
[have] driven
[have] eaten
[have] fallen
[have] felt
[have] found
[have] frozen
[have] gotten or got
[have] given
[have] gone
[have] grown
[have] hade
[have] heard
[have] hit
[have] held
[have] kept
[have] known
Adverbs

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.

An adverb describing a verb:


The car backfired loudly.
An adverb describing an adjective:
 The painting is quite old.

An adverb describing another adverb:
 The bear traveled surprisingly quickly.
Adverbs answer the following questions:
Question
Where?
When?
How?
How often?
How long?
To what extent?
How much?
Example
Please put the package there.
I will call you later.
Softly, I shut my door.
Andy always wears blue.
Briefly explain the directions.
They came home very late.
The lemonade was too sour.

Adverbs may come before, after, or between the words
they modify.

Examples:

Quietly, she will tiptoe off the stage.

She will quietly tiptoe off the stage.

She will tiptoe off the stage quietly.
Adverbs That Compare
Comparative forms of adverbs compare two actions.
 Superlative forms of adverbs compare more than two actions.


Adverbs that have only one syllable form the comparative for by
adding –er and form the superlative by adding –est.



The little clown ran faster than the big one.
The little clown ran the fastest of all of them.
Adverbs that have more than one syllable or that end in -ly use
the word -more to form comparative and the word –most to form
the superlative.


The little clown ran more quickly than the big one.
The little clown ran the most quickly of all of them.
Prepositions

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship
between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the
sentence.

Examples:
 Your math book is underneath your coat.

The one behind us honked his horn.

Changing the preposition changes the relationship.

Ex:

I hit the ball over the net.

I hit the ball into the net.

I hit the ball under the net.

I hit the ball against the net.

I hit the ball across the net.
Commonly Used Prepositions
Compound
Prepositions
Aboard
Between
Past
About
Beyond
Since
Above
By
Through
Across
Down
Throughout
After
During
Till
Against
Except
To
Among
From
Under
Around
In
Underneath
At
Into
Until
Before
Like
Up
Behind
Of
Upon
Next to
Below
Off
With
On account of
Beneath
On
Within
Beside
Over
without
According to
Aside from
Because of
In additon to
In place of
In spite of
Out of
Prepositional Phrases

A preposition always has at least one noun or pronoun as an
object. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the
preposition. The preposition, its object, and any modifiers of
the object make up a prepositional phrase.

Ex:
The pile of dry leaves had grown much larger.
Prep. Phrase- of dry leave; preposition- of; object- leaves
This flea collar is for cats and dogs.
Prep. Phrase- for cats and dogs; preposition- for; object- cats, dogs
Preposition or Adverb

Some words may be used as both prepositions and
adverbs. Remember- prepositions have objects; adverbs
never take objects.

Ex:

Clouds gathered above us.
Prep. Obj.

Clouds gathered above.
Adv.
Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of
words.

Ex:

beans and rice

movies or television

sad but true
Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are words that joins words or
word groups that are used in the same way.

Examples:
 for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that
join words or word groups that are used in the same way.

Examples:

both … and

either … or

neither … nor

not only … but also

whether … or
Interjections

An interjection is a word that expresses emotion.

Often, an interjection is followed by an exclamation
point.

Ex:
 Aha! I knew you were hiding there.

Oops! I punched in the wrong number.

Is that a wasp? Ouch!

Sometimes an interjection is set off by a comma or a pair
of commas.

Ex:
 Well, what do you think?

The fish weighted, oh, about three pounds.

It’s time to go, alas.