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Grammar: Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Noun Adverb Pronoun Adjective Preposition Conjunction Verb Interjection Nouns A noun is a word or word group that is used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. Take out a clean sheet of paper! Watch the video and make a list of all of the nouns you hear and see. School House Rock Video Singular and Plural Nouns Singular nouns name one person, place, thing, or idea. boy, town, cookie Plural nouns name more than one person, place, or thing. boys, towns, cookies Forming plural nouns: Nouns ending with: To Form Plural Nouns: Example: s, z, zz, ch, sh, x add es church- churches o after a vowel add s patio- patios o after a consonant usually add es echo- echoes sometimes add s piano- pianos y after a vowel add s monkey- monkeys y after a consonant usually change y to i and add es fly- flies f or fe usually change f to v and add es knife- knives earmuffs- earmuffs Collective Nouns Collective nouns name a group of people or things. class, team, herd, murder Collective nouns can take either a singular or plural verb. Make the verb singular when the group acts as a unit. The crowd was excited by the close game. Make the verb plural when each member acts separately. The crowd were pushing each other to get through the gate. Common and Proper Nouns Common nouns name a person, place, or thing that is not specific. student, school, video game Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. Proper nouns ALWAYS begin with capital letters. Jan Lopez, Midway Middle, Call of Duty: Black Ops 3 Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns show ownership. The lion’s mane. The tigers’ trainer is brave. Forming Possessive Nouns: Nouns: To Form Possessive: Example: Most singular nouns Add an apostrophe and –s (‘s) The seal’s ball is red. Singular nouns ending in -s Add an apostrophe and –s (‘s) Chris’s ticket got lost. Plural nouns ending in -s Add an apostrophe (‘) The tigers’ trainer was brave. Plural nouns not ending in -s Add and apostrophe and –s (‘s) The people’s faces are happy. Pronouns A pronoun is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. Instead of saying: Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla found a kangaroo that followed Rufus home, and now that kangaroo belongs to Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla. We can say: He found a kangaroo that followed him home, and now it is his. School House Rock Video The word or word group that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent. Pronoun- Antecedent He-Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla Him- Rufus It- kangaroo His- Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla Sometimes the antecedent is not stated because it is implied. “Because saying all those nouns over and over can really wear you down.” Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person). Example: “If she found a kangaroo I would say to you…” 1st Person Singular I, me Plural we, us 2nd Person 3rd Person you he, him; she, her; It you they, them A subject pronoun is a personal pronoun that is the subject of a sentence is a subject pronoun. I, you, he, she, it, we, they Grandma was really excited that I spent the day with her. An object pronoun is personal pronoun that is the object of a sentence is an object pronoun. me, you, him, her, it, us, them Grandma was really excited that I spent the day with her. Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns are another kind of personal pronoun. They show ownership. my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs The yellow jacket with pink polka dots is mine. Always try to do your best. That was his dog we saw at the playground. Indefinite Pronouns (add to page 89) An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that may or may not be specifically named. Does anyone know where we can get a rhino? Everyone noticed the loud animals on the bus. Singular Indefinite Pronouns another anybody anyone anything each either everybody everyone everything much neither nobody no one nothing one somebody someone something Plural Indefinite Pronouns all any both few many others several some Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject and separates the pronoun and subject by a verb. Rufus reminded himself to speak slowly and clearly. Please help yourself to the snacks on the table. An intensive pronoun refers to the subject but is unnecessary to the basic meaning of the sentence. Rufus himself supplied the food for the kangaroo. The author approved the book cover herself. First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Myself Plural Ourselves Yourself Himself, herself, itself Yourselves Themselves * Remember to take the pronoun out of the sentence. The pronoun is intensive if the sentences makes sense without it.The pronoun is reflexive if the sentence does not make sense without it (and a verb will separate the subject and pronoun). Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun points out a specific person, place, thing, or idea. this, that, these, those Those were driving the people on the bus crazy. Interrogative Pronouns An interrogative pronoun introduces a question. what, which, who, whom, whose “Who brought that rhinoceros on the bus?” “What made that terrible noise?” “Which one of them is getting off first?” Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause. that, which, who, whom, whose Albert Andreas Armadillo, who is in no relation to the Sarsaparillas, wants a rhinoceros. Adjectives An adjective is a word that is used to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun. gentle dog; pink paper; two sisters School House Rock Video Adjectives answer the following questions: What Kind? Which Ones Or One? How Many or How Much? gentle dog sixth grade two tickets Irish town these books full pitcher scary movie other people most players purple shoes any CD no work Adjectives usually come before the words they modify. The dog is gentle. Sometimes, however, an adjective comes after the word it modifies. The gentle dog is playing with the baby. A proper adjective is an adjective formed from a proper noun. Sometimes they have a different ending than the proper noun, but they will always begin with a capital letter. Example: Wyoming foothills; Irish (IRELAND) town; Articles The words a, an, and the are special types of adjectives called articles. The words this, that, these, and those are demonstrative adjectives. They are used to point something out. Do not get demonstrative adjectives confused with demonstrative pronouns. What are these skates doing in the living room? (adj.) What are these doing in the living room? (p.) I prefer that brand of frozen yogurt. (adj.) I prefer that. (p.) Are those autographs his? (adj.) Are those really his autographs? (p.) This suit was once worn by the president. (adj.) This was the president’s suit. (p.) Verbs A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being. School House Rock Video Action and Linking Verbs An action verb expresses an activity. Mom always cooks dinner for our family. We went to Boston last April. A linking verb connects, or links, a subject to a word that identifies or describes the subject. Robert The Frost is a poet. firefighters appeared victorious. Being Verbs (Forms of “To Be”) Tense I You He/She/It We They Present am are is are are Past was were was were were Future will be will be will be will be will be Present Perfect have been have been has been have been have been Past Perfect had been had been had been had been had been Future Perfect will have been will have been will have been will have been will have been Helping Verbs In many sentences, a single word is all that is needed to express the action or state of being. The dog barked all night. Mr. Rivera is the new English teacher. In other sentences, the verb consists of a main verb and one or more helping verbs. A helping verb helps the main verbs to express action or a state of being. The main verb and its helping verb(s) are called a verb phrase. Manuel can speak two languages. The cat should have been fed this morning. Commonly Used Helping Verbs Am Being Do Have Must Were Are Can Does Is Shall Will Be Could Had May Should Would Been Did Has Might Was Verb Tenses Past: Existing or happening in the past Past Perfect: Existing or happening before a specific time in the past Present: Existing or happening now Present Perfect: Existing or happening sometime before now; may be continuing now Future: Existing or happening in the future Future Perfect: Existing or happening before a specific time in the future Past Present Future Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive (base) (be + base + ing) (have + base + ed) (have + be + base + ing) I cooked He cooked She cooked They cooked We cooked I was cooking He was cooking She was cooking They were cooking We were cooking I had cooked He had cooked She had cooked They had cooked We had cooked I had been cooking He had been cooking She had been cooking They had been cooking We had been cooking I cook He cooks She cooks They cook We cook I am cooking He is cooking She is cooking They are cooking We are cooking I have cooked He has cooked She has cooked They have cooked We have cooked I have been cooking He has been cooking She has been cooking They have been cooking We have been cooking I will cook He will cook She will cook They will cook We will cook I will be cooking He will be cooking She will be cooking They will be cooking We will be cooking I will have cooked He will have cooked She will have cooked They will have cooked We will have cooked I will have been cooking He will have been cooking She will have been cooking They will have been cooking We will have been cooking Regular and Irregular Verbs A regular verb forms past tense by adding –d or –ed to the base : Base Present Participle Past Past Participle wash is washing washed have washed hop is hopping hopped have hopped An irregular verb forms past tense in another way. Common Irregular Verbs Base Form bring buy choose come do drink drive eat fall feel find freeze get give go grow have hear hit hold keep know Present Participle [is] bringing [is] buying [is] choosing [is] coming [is] doing [is] drinking [is] driving [is] eating [is] falling [is] feeling [is] finding [is] freezing [is] getting [is] giving [is] going [is] growing [is] having [is] hearing [is] hitting [is] holding [is] keeping [is] knowing Past brought bought chose came did drank drove ate fell felt found froze got gave went grew had heard hit held kept knew Past Participle [have] brought [have] bought [have] chosen [have] come [have] done [have] drunk [have] driven [have] eaten [have] fallen [have] felt [have] found [have] frozen [have] gotten or got [have] given [have] gone [have] grown [have] hade [have] heard [have] hit [have] held [have] kept [have] known Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb describing a verb: The car backfired loudly. An adverb describing an adjective: The painting is quite old. An adverb describing another adverb: The bear traveled surprisingly quickly. Adverbs answer the following questions: Question Where? When? How? How often? How long? To what extent? How much? Example Please put the package there. I will call you later. Softly, I shut my door. Andy always wears blue. Briefly explain the directions. They came home very late. The lemonade was too sour. Adverbs may come before, after, or between the words they modify. Examples: Quietly, she will tiptoe off the stage. She will quietly tiptoe off the stage. She will tiptoe off the stage quietly. Adverbs That Compare Comparative forms of adverbs compare two actions. Superlative forms of adverbs compare more than two actions. Adverbs that have only one syllable form the comparative for by adding –er and form the superlative by adding –est. The little clown ran faster than the big one. The little clown ran the fastest of all of them. Adverbs that have more than one syllable or that end in -ly use the word -more to form comparative and the word –most to form the superlative. The little clown ran more quickly than the big one. The little clown ran the most quickly of all of them. Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. Examples: Your math book is underneath your coat. The one behind us honked his horn. Changing the preposition changes the relationship. Ex: I hit the ball over the net. I hit the ball into the net. I hit the ball under the net. I hit the ball against the net. I hit the ball across the net. Commonly Used Prepositions Compound Prepositions Aboard Between Past About Beyond Since Above By Through Across Down Throughout After During Till Against Except To Among From Under Around In Underneath At Into Until Before Like Up Behind Of Upon Next to Below Off With On account of Beneath On Within Beside Over without According to Aside from Because of In additon to In place of In spite of Out of Prepositional Phrases A preposition always has at least one noun or pronoun as an object. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. The preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object make up a prepositional phrase. Ex: The pile of dry leaves had grown much larger. Prep. Phrase- of dry leave; preposition- of; object- leaves This flea collar is for cats and dogs. Prep. Phrase- for cats and dogs; preposition- for; object- cats, dogs Preposition or Adverb Some words may be used as both prepositions and adverbs. Remember- prepositions have objects; adverbs never take objects. Ex: Clouds gathered above us. Prep. Obj. Clouds gathered above. Adv. Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. Ex: beans and rice movies or television sad but true Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are words that joins words or word groups that are used in the same way. Examples: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Examples: both … and either … or neither … nor not only … but also whether … or Interjections An interjection is a word that expresses emotion. Often, an interjection is followed by an exclamation point. Ex: Aha! I knew you were hiding there. Oops! I punched in the wrong number. Is that a wasp? Ouch! Sometimes an interjection is set off by a comma or a pair of commas. Ex: Well, what do you think? The fish weighted, oh, about three pounds. It’s time to go, alas.