Download european revolutions - rise of nationalism 2

Enduring Understandings
1. The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution.
2. In times of crisis, people will turn to strong leaders to gain a sense of stability.
3. Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force.
4. New ideas and inventions create progress, but this can be accompanied by
problems.
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Unit 1 test return and review
Review p #22
Complete p # 23
Read #24 and answer questions 1-3
Read p#25 and complete #1
Find at least three examples that support the above EUs.
Draw a timeline that includes the French Revolution, Napoleon,
Latin American and European revolutions and the rise of
nationalism. Include in the timeline the key terms and people on
the Review Sheet.
EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS
The Rise of Nationalism
Use three specific examples to support the claim that
challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
During the Middle Ages, not much had changed for about
one thousand years. The Catholic Church ruled over everyone, and
everything revolved around the church. Most people were
uneducated and lived in poverty. Then, during the Renaissance,
people began to challenge this way of life. Martin Luther challenged
the corruption of the church with new ideas of the personal god.
German peasants challenged their princes with new ideas about
individualism. And even the idea that the Earth was central in the
universe was challenged by Galileo’s heliocentric theory. These are
all examples that prove that challenges to the existing order come
from radical new ideas.
Use three specific examples to support the claim that
challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
Martin Luther was a German monk who was disgusted at how
corrupt the Catholic church was. He didn’t agree with priests who sold
forgiveness to people. He then wrote the 95 Theses explaining some of his
new ideas. Martin Luther believed that the only way to get forgiveness
from God was through faith. He also believed that authority should come
from the Bible not religious leaders, and that people should read the Bible
to decide what they believe. At this time, just to challenge what the Church
said was a radical idea. However, Luther’s ideas of how the church should
be was even more radical. Luther was also challenging the Church’s
authority, which meant he was challenging the existing order that people
should do what the Catholic Church says without question. As a result of
Luther’s radical ideas he was declared guilty of heresy and
excommunicated by the Edict of worms. However, Luther’s idea was still a
great inspiration for the German Peasants Revolt.
Revolutions of 1948



A.J.P. Taylor, perhaps the first historian to have a genuinely
popular public following due to his masterly presentation of
historical topics on a dedicated TV series, in relation to the
Germanic experience of 1848 coined the phrase that "history
reached its turning point and failed to turn".
Lewis Namier states that “1848 remains a seed-plot of history. It
crystallized ideas and projected the pattern of things to come; it
determined the course of the following century.“
Poor grain harvests, the appearance of blight - an extremely
serious disease - in potato crops, and generally depressed
economic conditions across much of Europe in 1845-6 led to
sharply rising food prices, unemployment, and a radicalisation
of political attitudes.
1. French citizens’ armies win their revolution for
liberty and equality

Results, outcomes, consequences:


Rest of Europe begins to buy into French Revolutionary ideas
about:
 Equality,
 Liberty
 Popular sovereignty
Sees success of mass action to achieve goals
2. Greeks revolt against Ottoman Empire

Results, outcomes, consequences:




Europeans feel a kinship with Greeks because of the connection (by
way of renaissance) to ancient Greek culture.
Russian feel kinship with Greeks due to Eastern Orthodox religion
European militaries assist Greek independence movement by
defeating Ottoman navy.
Greeks win their independence from Ottomans (conflict still exists
today on Cyprus)
3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague and
Vienna demand independence and self-government

Results, outcomes, consequences:



Vienna riots forced resignation of Metternich in Austria
Liberal government is demanded by radicals but they cannot unify
Conservative backlash against radicals results in the failure of the
revolutions.
4. Charles X tries to set up absolute monarchy
in France.

Results, outcomes, consequences:




After Louis XVIII (18th) Charles X
overextends himself and riots break
out forcing him to flee, ending the
idea of absolutism in France (sorta)
Louis-Philippe becomes king of a
constitutional monarchy
Implements some liberal reforms and
rules for 18 years.
Becomes increasingly conservative,
reacting violently to concerns of the
working class hit hard by 1846-47
recession
5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe.

Results, outcomes, consequences:





First, led to radical-led 2nd Republic
2nd Republic fails within 4 years because
the radicals begin to disagree.
Radical disagreements end in open
bloodshed
People react to instability and chaos by
supporting conservatives
Who promote and then elect LouisNapoleon Bonaparte
6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of
France and later assumes title of Emperor Napoleon III

Results, outcomes, consequences:


Prosperity and peace occurs under the strong centralized, but
enlightened control of Napoleon III
Reform plans include:
 Building bridges and roads
 Railroads
 Schools
 And promoted industrialization
7. Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the
Ottoman Empire during Crimean War

Results, outcomes,
consequences:


Russia is defeated due to
lack of industrialization
and transportation
capabilities
Alexander II (who
succeeds Nicholas as Czar)
plans to rapidly
modernize and
industrialize
8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation

Results, outcomes, consequences:



Serfdom technically ends in Russia
Serf no are no longer legally tied to the
land.
Peasant communities now own the land.
BUT…
 Peasants have to work to pay off the
land, by paying the Czar. Essentially
they are tied to the land through debt.
Patterns of Change : Nationalism
Austro-Hungarian - Nationalist disputes between Hungarians
and Austrians led to the division of the empire into two states,
which by the end of WWI led to two different nation-states
(countries )
Russian - Nationalist feelings of non-Russians like the Finns,
Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, and the Baltic peoples against forced
Russification, combined with the Crimean War led to weakening
of Russian Empire that finally crumbles in WWI.
Ottoman - Combination of nationalist feelings among groups in
the Ottoman Empire, along with very nationalist feelings among
conservative Turks attempting to spread Turkish nationalism led
to disunity and conflict.
Patterns of Change : Nationalism
Mazzini –Set the stage for Italian unity by creating a movement called
Young Italy, promoting democracy rather than monarchy, and consistently
rabble-rousing and organizing movements to unit Italy into one republic.
Cavour - Key adviser (prime minister) of King of Sardinia proposed uniting
Italy under Sardinian Monarchy.

With realpolitik cunning, allied with Napoleon III, started war with Austria,
and took northern Italy by force.

Also sent money and supplies to nationalist Italians in the South
Garibaldi - Like Bolivar in South America, Garibaldi led nationalist fighters
to conquer Italy, uniting southern Italy, and then joining the South to King
Victor Emmanuel’s Sardinia in the north to create the united Kingdom of
Italy.

However, nationalist feelings amongst the small “states” in Italy helped
prevent Italy united government from successfully governing
Patterns of Change : Nationalism
German Unification under Bismarck
Realpolitik – tough, realistic, practical, non-ideological politics was the
basis for Bismarck using force and deceit to beat opponents like Austria
and France, and manipulate French and German people into supporting
a unified German Empire.
The Seven Weeks War - resulted in German conquest of Northern
German states taken from Austria and then was used to manipulate
France to attack Germany. It was also used to manipulate southern
Germans to support unification with the rest of Germany out of fear of
France.
Franco-Prussian War - finished German unification, creating the
“Second Reich” including Southern Germany by beating the French,
taking territory and humiliating France’s army through more modern and
technologically advanced military strategy and hardware.
 France was defeated and set the stage for France to hate Germany,
plan for future war and led to the horrors of World War I.