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Reading Questions Chapter Seventeen Pages 827 – 860 1. In what respects did the roots of the Industrial Revolution line within Europe? Because Europe’s political system, which was composed of many small and highly competitive states, favored innovation. The relative newness of European states and their need for revenue pushed them into an alliance with their merchant classes, resulting in an unusual degree of freedom from state control and a higher social status for merchants than in more established civilizations. 2. In what ways did the transformation of Industrial Revolution have global roots? Europe after 1500 became the hub of the largest and most varied network of exchange in the world, which generated extensive change and innovation and stimulating European commerce. The conquest of the Americas allowed Europeans to draw on world resources provided a growing market for European machine produced goods. 3. What was distinctive about Britain that may help to explain its status as the breakthrough point of the Industrial Revolution? Let’s rewrite this question! What advantages did Britain have that contributed to it being the first nation to industrialize? The most highly commercialized of Europe’s large countries. A rapidly growing population provided a ready supply of industrial workers with few alternatives available to them. Aristocrats had long been interested in commerce. A large merchant fleet by Royal Navy which helped encourage commerce around the world. Political life promoted commercialization and economic innovation through a policy of religious tolerance, which remove barriers against religious dissenters with technical skills. Government favored men of business with; o Tariffs o Laws that made it easier to form companies and to forbid workers unions o Infrastructural investments o Patent Laws o Checks on royal authority provided a freer arena private enterprise. A ready supply of coal and iron ore, located close to each other and with easy reach of major industrial centers. An Island location protected it from the kind of invasions that so many continental European states experienced during the era of the French Revolution. A relatively fluid society allow for adjustments in the face of social changes without widespread revolution. 4. How did the Industrial Revolution transformed British society? The landowning aristocrats declined as a class while elite urban groups grew in wealth and political power. Rules retain their social status and found opportunities in the Empire. The upper middle class, composed of wealthy factory and mine owners, bankers, and merchants, benefited most from the Industrial Revolution, and assimilated into aristocratic life at the top of British society. Smaller business, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, and other professionals became prominent as a social group and develop their own values in sized ideas thrift and hard work, rigid morality, and cleanliness. As industrial, matured, it gave rise to a sizable lower middle-class; people employed in growing service sector as, salespeople, bank tellers, hotel staff, secretaries, telephone operators, and police officers. This distinguished itself from working class because they did not participate in manual labor. Laboring classes lived in overcrowded, poorly serviced urban environments; they labored in industrial factories were new and monotonous work, formed under constant supervision design to enforce work discipline, replace the more varied work of earlier periods. Over time laboring classes developed new forms of sociability, including “friends societies” that provided insurance against sickness, funeral cost, and the opportunity for a social life. Over time (classes also saw greater political dissipation, organized after 1824 into trade unions to improve their conditions, and develop socialist ideas that challenge the assumption of capitalist society. Farmers and those who labored in agriculture declined prominence. 5. How did Britain’s middle-class change during the 19th century? Middle-class society was composed of political liberals who favored constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits. Main value of the culture was “respectability,” the time that combines notions of social status and virtuous behavior. Women were cast as homemakers, wives, and mothers and charged with creating an emotional haven for their men. They were also moral center of family life and the educators of respectability, as well as the managers consumption in a setting in which shopping became a central activity. An “ideology of domesticity” defined a home in charitable activities is the proper sphere for women. 6. How did Marx understand the Industrial Revolution? Marks saw the Industrial Revolution is a story of class struggle between the oppressor (the bourgeoisie) and the oppressed (the proletariat). According to Marx, capitalist societies could never eliminate poverty, because private property, competition, and class hostilities prevented those societies from distributing all the wealth to the workers labor who had created that wealth. Marx predicted the eventual collapse of capitalism in a working-class revolution. Marx look forward to a communist future in which the proletariat share all the wealth of society. 7. In what ways did Marx’s ideas have an impact in the industrializing world 19th century? Marx’s ideas were echoed in the later decades of the 19th century among more radical trade unionist and some middle-class intellectuals in Britain, even more so in Germany. The British working-class movement was not revolutionary, when working-class political party known as the Labour Party was established in the 1890s, it advocated performance program at peaceful democratic transition to socialism, largely rejecting the class struggle and revolutionary Marxism. 8. What were the differences between industrialized nation in the United States and that in Russia? United States; An expanding democracy. Economic change came from free farmers, workers, and businessman who sought new opportunities operated in the political system that gave them a large degree of expression. Working-class consciousness factory laborers did not develop as quickly did not become as radical, in part because workers were treated better and had more outlets to grievances. Russia; An absolute monarchy, in which the state’s highest control over individuals and society. Change often was initiated by the state in its continuing effort to catch up with more powerful and innovated states of Europe. Industrialization was associated with violent social revolution through which a socialist party, inspired by the teachings of Karl Marx, was able to seize power. 9. Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States? The relative conservatism of American union organizations. The immense religious, ethnic, and racial divisions of American society undermined class solidarity of American workers and made it far more difficult to sustain class oriented political parties and a socialist labor movement. A remarkable economic growth generated on average a higher standard of living for American workers and their European counterparts. There was a higher level of home ownership among U.S. workers. By 1910, a large group of white-collar workers in sales, services, and offices outnumbered factory laborers. 10. Factors contributed to making a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century? State-directed industrialization concentrated in a few major cities led to the emergence of a modern and educated middle-class of businessmen and professionals, many of whom rejected strongly the deep conservatism of czarist Russia and salt a greater role in political life. Russian workers developed a radical class consciousness, based on harsh conditions in the absence of any legal help grievances. A small number of educated Russians found in Marxist socialism a way of understanding the changes they witnessed daily and hope for the future and revolutionary upheaval of workers. The Tsar’s reforms after the failed leading to 1905 revolution did not tame working-class radicalism or bring social stability to Russia. Revolutionary groups published templates and newspapers, organize trade unions, and spread their message among workers and peasants. Revolutionary parties provided the language through which workers could express their grievances, created links among workers from different factories, and furnish leaders able to act when revolutionary movement arrived. World War I caused enormous hardships that when coupled with the great social tensions of industrialization within a small autocratic political system, sparked Russian Revolution of 1917. 11. In what ways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global economy of the 19th century? Latin America exported food and raw materials to industrialized nations. Latin America imported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons and luxury goods from Europe and the U.S. Europeans and Americans invested in Latin America, building railroads to funnel products to the coast for export. The upper and middle classes prospered; but the majority of the population lived in suffered, working on plantations for low wages. In Mexico, inequalities lead to revolution in which middle class reformers, workers, and peasants overthrew the government and institute some reforms. Participation in the global economy did not lead to industrialization in Latin America. Latin American economies become dependent upon European and America. Vocabulary: 12. Caudillo; a military strongman seize control of government in 19th century Latin America. 13. Dependent Development; used to describe Latin Americans economic growth 19th century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity decisions. 14. Labour Party; British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism. 15. Karl Marx; socialism who dated working-class revolution is the key to creating an ideal communist future. 16. Middle-class values; belief system: the middle class that developed in Britain in the 19th century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and respectability. 17. Progressives; followers of American political movement and carry it around 1900 who advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization. 18. Proletariat; Term Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working-class.