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Muscular Anatomy University of Washington PMT Muscular Anatomy Muscle Organization and Function Muscle organization affects power, range and speed of muscle movement Fascicles • Muscle cells (fibers) are organized into bundles Classification of Skeletal Muscles By the way fascicles are organized By relationships of fascicles to tendons Fascicle Arrangement Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Four patterns of fascicle organization • Parallel • Convergent • Pennate • Circular Levers Levers Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid, moving structure) • And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point) Muscles provide applied force (AF) • Required to overcome resistance (R) Levers Function of a lever is to change Direction of an AF Distance and speed of movement produced by an AF Effective strength of an AF The Three Classes of Levers Depend on the relationship between applied force, fulcrum, and resistance • First class, second class, and third class First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever Types of Muscle--Actions Prime mover (Agonist) – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover Naming Skeletal Muscles Direction of Muscle Fibers Location Action Skeletal Muscle Origin & Insertion Size Shape Number Of Origins Direction of Muscle Fibers Relative to the Midline RECTUS = parallel to the midline TRANSVERSE = perpendicular to midline Rectus Abdominus Transverse Abdominus OBLIQUE = diagonal to midline External Oblique Location Structure near which muscle is found FRONTALIS = near FRONTAL bone OCCIPITALIS = near OCCIPITAL bone Size Relative Size of Muscle MAXIMUS = largest MEDIUS = middle Fibularis Longus BREVIS = short Gluteus Minimus LONGUS = longest Gluteus Medius MINIMUS = smallest Gluteus Maximus Fibularis Brevis TERTIUS = shortest Fibularis Tertius Number of Origins Number of tendons of origin BICEPS = Two TRICEPS = Three Biceps Brachii Biceps Femoris Triceps Brachii QUADRICEPS = Four Quadriceps Femoris Shape Relative Shape of the Muscle DELTOID = triangular shape Δ TRAPEZIUS = trapezoid shape SERRATUS = sawtoothed ♒ RHOMBOIDEUS = rhomboid shape TERES = round ○ Origin & Insertion Origin – attachment to an immoveable bone Insertion – attachment to a movable bone ILIO COSTALIS= attaches to the ilium & ribs (costal = ribs) Action NAME FLEXOR EXTENSOR ACTION EXAMPLE Decrease angle at a joint Flexor Carpi Radialis Increase angle at a joint Extensor Carpi Ulnaris ABDUCTOR Move bone away from midline Abductor Pollicis Longus ADDUCTOR LEVATOR Move bone toward midline Adductor Longus Produce upward movement Levator Scapulae DEPRESSOR Produce downward movement Depressor Labii Inferioris SUPINATOR Turn palm upward/anterior Supinator PRONATOR Turn palm downward/posterior Pronator Teres Head & Neck Muscles Muscles of the Axial Skeleton Muscles of the Axial Skeleton Intrinsic Muscles Erector Spinae: maintain posture of back/extension • Spinalis • Longissimus • Iliocostalis Oblique Muscles: rotation of the vertebrae Muscles of Quiet Respiration Abdominal Muscles • Semispinalis • Multifidus • Rotatores Diaphragm External Intercostals Internal Intercostals— deep breaths External Obliques Internal Obliques Transverse Abdominus Rectus Abdominus (flexes vertebral column) Quadratus Lumborum Muscles of Scapular Stabilization Trapezius: Retraction Elevation Depression Upward Rotation Rhomboid—retraction Levator Scapular—Elevation Pectoralis Major—Protraction Serratus Anterior—Protraction Anterior Muscles of Shoulder Deltoid Pectoralis Major Whole muscle: Abduction @ shoulder Anterior part: flexion / medial rotation Posterior part: extension / lateral rotation Flexion Adduction Medial Rotation Biceps Brachii—Flexion Posterior Muscles of Shoulder Teres Major Latissimus Dorsi Adduction Extension Medial Rotation Adduction Extension Medial Rotation Triceps Brachii Extension Muscles of the Elbow/Forearm Triceps Brachii— Extension Bicep Brachii— Brachialis—Flexion Brachioradialis— Flexion Supination Flexion Pronation Pronator Teres Pronator Quadratus Supinator Longus Muscles of the Wrist & Hand Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Extensor Carpi Radialis Extensor Digitorum Anterior (Palmar) View Posterior (Dorsal) View Muscles Of Hip: Anterior Muscles Muscles of Hip: Anterior Muscles Medial/Adductor Muscles: Adductor Magnus Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Gracilis Anterior Muscles Iliopsoas—Flexion Pectineus— • Flexion Sartorius— • Flexion (knee) • Lateral Rotation (hip) Muscles of Hip: Gluteal Muscles ** Gluteus Minimus is under the Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus— Extension Gluteus Medius— Abduction Gluteus Minimus— Abduction Tensor Fasciae Latae— Flexion Abduction Muscles of Anterior Thigh “Quadriceps” Rectus Femoris— • Hip flexion • Knee extension Vastus Lateralis— knee extension Vastus Medialis— knee extension Vastus Intermedius— knee extension Sartorius— • Hip & Knee Flexion • Lateral Hip Rotation **Vastus Intermedius is beneath Rectus Femoris Muscles of Posterior Thigh “Hamstrings” Responsible for Knee Flexion & Hip Extension Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps Femoris Gastrocnemius Knee Flexion Muscles of the Lower Leg Anterior Compartment Posterior Compartment Tibialis Anterior—Dorsiflexion & inversion Extensor Digitorum Longus Fibularis Tertius—dorsiflexion & eversion Gastrocnemius—plantarflexion, knee flexion Soleus—plantarflexion Lateral Compartment Fibularis Longus—plantarflexion & eversion Fibularis Brevis—plantarflexion & eversion
