Download The Protestant Reformation

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Has an agriculturally-based economy
Ends feudalism
Becomes commercially active
Plants the seeds of capitalism
Develops a strong manufacturing sector
Makes science the focus of intellectual life
Is marked by internal conflict
Sees Christian unity and the dominance of religion
in the public sphere come to an end
_______ the dominance of independent and
sovereign states
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Was a time of “renewed”
creativity and political,
social, economic change
An “awakening” in the
1400s after the dark ages.
Humanism- belief that
the proper study of man
is by man
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The Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo da Vinci, 1483-1486
Believed that education
stimulated creative
powers
Return to the
“humanities” – history,
poetry, rhetoric
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Began in Italy, then
spread north.
Northern humanists
more religious
Sparked by a new
interest in the culture of
ancient Rome.
The wealthy Medici
family from Florence &
others funded science
and arts
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Wealthy patrons
including Popes &
princes heavily
supported.
Much religious &
humanist art
Artists learned the rules
of perspective &
shading & portrayed
the human body more
accurately.
Architects rejected
Gothic style and
adopted columns,
arches, & domes.
From Leonardo da Vinci’s
notebooks
The Printing
Revolution
 In 1456, Johann
Gutenberg from
Germany used the
1st printing press
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1st complete ed. of the
Bible
Used ideas from
China & Korea
Brought immense
changes
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People now learned
to read
Spread a broad range
of knowledge
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A period when the
ancients were
challenged and
proven wrong
Empiricism
Systematic method
and inquiry
Englishman Francis
Bacon & Frenchman
Rene Descartes
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Sought to fit the new
science w/ the church’s
teachings
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Heliocentric Theory of
the Universe
Three Laws of Planetary
Motion
Correction circulation of
the blood
Human anatomy
Calculus
Mechanics
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Telescope
Alcohol thermometer
Microscope
Mercury battery
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Emphasized the
world of rationality
in which human
knowledge is
systematic and
could help
humanity.
Rejection of:
□ dogma
□ superstition
□ traditional
religion
□ factionalism
□ (in some cases)
monarchy
□ disorder
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A desire for rationality, logic,
consistency.
A rejection of emotionalism
A preference for evidence,
not faith
An interest in science,
mathematics, geometry
An admiration for Greece
and Rome and an
abhorrence for
everything medieval.
A preference for the artificial
over the natural;
technology over
wilderness.
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A disdain of “messiness”
and “chaos” as being
unharmonious.
A preference for
democracy.
A preference for civilized,
polite discussion of ideas.
Conclusions reached by
intelligent debate--not force.
A desire to create social
standards based on reason-not tradition.
An embrace of monotheistic
Deism rather than
traditional Trinitarian
doctrines.
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“I do not agree with what you have
to say, but I'll defend to the death
your right to say it.” - Voltaire
A desire for geometric
shapes, order; repetition
in mathematical
patterns.
A disdain of
“messiness” and
“chaos” in art, clothing
and hairstyles
Greco-Roman
architecture
Satire as a means of
social critique
Abuses in the Church
 By Renaissance
times, the church
was very wealthy &
powerful.
 Popes had a lavish
lifestyle & financed
the arts.
 To pay for this, some
promoted the sale of
indulgences. (less
time in purgatory)
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Once given for good
deeds…
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In 1517, protests against
Church abuses erupted.
German monk &
professor
In his hometown of
Wittenberg, the priest was
selling indulgences…
Luther was outraged and
nailed his 95 theses to the
door of the church.
Copies were distributed
across Europe & the pope
called on Luther to recant
his views.
Luther refused & was
excommunicated.
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The Holy Roman Emperor
did not support him &
made him an outlaw.
Some princes & thousands
of others supported him
and renounced the
authority of the pope.
Beliefs:
The Bible is the word of
God, not the pope.
 Salvation through faith, not
works
 Priests are regular people &
could marry.
 Only 2/7 sacraments were
in the Bible
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Many peasants
followed him and
revolts erupted across
Germany.
The Peace of Augsburg
was signed in 1555,
allowing the new
religion to exist.
N. Germany mostly
went Lutheran
(Protestant) & the S.
remained Catholic.
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
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John Calvin followed Luther
in France & Switzerland
except he also believed in
predestination (all sinners or
saints)
Calvinists believed in strict
morality
Spread through western
Europe & faced opposition
from Catholics and Lutherans
Other more radical churches
formed later, like Anabaptists
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King Henry VIII was the first to
become Protestant in England.
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for political reasons, he wanted a
divorce…
Married Ann Boleyn, who bore him
Elizabeth, but married 4 more times
& finally had Edward
Started the Church of England
(Anglican)
After Henry died, so did his
teenage son, so his ½ sister,
Mary Tudor was in line for the
throne.
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Queen Mary was
Catholic & had hundreds
of Protestants burned at
the stake.
When she died, her sister
Elizabeth became queen
& restored the Anglican
Church.
Queen Elizabeth I had a
long reign & restored
unity to England.
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Now a Protestant country
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Many Catholics also knew
they had to reform
themselves.
The Council of Trent
(1545) tried to end abuses.
To deal w/ the Protestant
threat, the Inquisition
continued (torture of
Protestants & Jews)
Jews were persecuted by
all
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Moved into ghettos
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Northern
Renaissance
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Attacked church
authority
Allowed state to
control the church
Increased interest in
pomp and ceremony
Produced greater
interested in military
conquest and
exploration
Arnolfini Wedding
Jan Van Eyck
1434 (Northern Renaissance)
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Reformation
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Concept of shared
authority
Protestant regions
more likely to
develop shared
authority
Protestant rulers
control possessions of
the Catholic Church
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Enlightenment
State began to act to benefit all
citizens
 Ideas of progress and
improvement
 Enlightened despotism
 Development of governments with
all-encompassing powers
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Maria Theresa (1740-80)
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England and the
Netherlands
Limited powers,
individual rights,
representative
institutions
Prominent merchant
class  prosperity
Built commercial
enterprises
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France, Spain, Austria, and
Prussia
Belief that one ruler should
hold power within a
country
Divine Right of Kings
Causes:
War / Religious Conflict
creates fear
 People wanted strong leaders
/ protection
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Effects:
Limited spread of ideas /
religious beliefs
 High Taxes
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