Download Vaccines

Vaccines
Vaccines
• Our defense mechanism→
Production of white blood cells and
antibodies
• What does it mean to have immunity?
• It is the capacity to resist a disease that we
have been exposed to by being able to
fight off the infectious agent that causes
the disease
White Blood Cells
• 2 ways of Defense
1. Destroy infectious agents through
PHAGOCYTOSIS
2. Produce antibodies→ neutralize
infectious agent and antigens they
produce
White Blood Cells
• When exposed to infectious agent, our
bodies produce antibodies to defeat it.
• Can take a few days or weeks to get the
right antibodies (trial + error)
• If infectious agent is really dangerous,
could have enough time to do some
damage to body
• If infectious agent is re-introduced, will be
defeated!
White Blood Cells
• Our immune system “REMEMBERS”
• Copies of antibodies will forever remain in
our bodies
Vaccination
• Introduce “weakened” infectious agent
into the body
• Cannot hurt us
• Just strong enough to teach body how to
defeat it
• Not strong enough to take over
• Allows our bodies to defeat the disease if
exposed to it
Vaccine Manufacturing
• Cell culture of infectious agent (growing
cells)
• The cells are harmless
• Result is : LIVE VACCINE
INACTIVE VACCINE
Live vaccine
• Contains “live” infectious agent
• Infectious agent is chemically treated to
make it impossible for it to cause the
illness
• In order for the cells to live longer, they
are mixed with other substances
• It is still alive!
• Live vaccines usually cause a more
aggressive immune response
Live Vaccine
• Very rare: infectious agent can become
“virulent”, meaning it can become strong
enough to cause the disease instead of
immunizing it!
• Examples: polio vaccine, mumps,
measles, chicken pox vaccine, H1N1,
yellow fever, tuberculosis, seasonal flu…
• 2 methods of creating a live vaccine
Live Vaccine
• Traditional method:
1. Culture of infectious agent(growing the
cells)
2. Chemical treatment of infectious agent to
make it harmless
3. Addition of chemicals (to allow cells to
live longer)
Live Vaccine
• Genetic Transformation Method
1. Genetically changing the cells of
infectious agent
2. Culture of modified infectious agent
(grow cells)
3. Addition of chemicals (to allow cells to
live longer)
Inactive Vaccine
• Does not contain any live infectious agent
• Made by using only a part or parts of the
infectious agent
• These parts can still be recognized by the
body’s antibodies
• Parts are called = ANTIGENS
• Find which antigens are causing the
disease
Inactive Vaccine
• Isolate them and then treat them so that
they become harmless
• Examples: Meningitis, hepatitis A & B,
tetanus…
• 2 ways of producing inactive vaccines
Inactive Vaccine
• Traditional Method
1. Culture infectious agent
2. Isolate antigen
3. Addition of antigen to other
pharmaceutical products for increased
“shelf life”
Inactive Vaccine
• Genetic Transformation Method
1. Introduction of a gene that produces the
antigen in a microorganism
2. Culture the microorganism
3. Isolate antigen
4. Addition of antigen to pharmaceutical
products to increase “shelf life”
Mixtures
• 2 types
• Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous
Heterogeneous Mixtures
• Made up of at least 2 substances that can
be seen with the “naked eye”
• Examples:
Vegetable soup
Rocks
Salt+ pepper mix
Salad
Blizzard at DQ
Homogeneous Mixtures
• Made up of at least 2 substances that
cannot be seen by the “naked eye”
Colloid: is a homogeneous mixture in which
substances can be seen under a
microscopic instrument
Solutions
• Are homogenous mixtures that are
impossible to see its different parts even
with a microscope
Ex: Sugar and water→ mix together, looks
like you just have water
• The substance that seems to “disappear”
into the other is called:
the solute
Solutions
• The substance into which the “solute”
dissolves is called: the
solvent
• Examples of solution in the body:
Saliva, sweat, tears, urine etc..
They all share a common solvent→
water!!!
Properties of Solutions
• There are 2 properties of solutions:
1. Concentration→ How much solute is
dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.
Ex: Making “Kool-Aid” depends on how
much powder (solute) you mix with the
water (solvent)
Concentration
• Formula for Concentration
C=M
V
C = concentration (g/L)
M = mass of solute (g)
V = volume of the solution (L)
Concentration
• This can be shown in many different forms…
g/L : number of grams of solute in 1 litre of
solution
% V/V : number of milliliters of solute in
100ml of solution
Ex:
1. Bottle of water contains 45g of calcium per
litre of water.
Can be expressed like this: 0.045g/L
Concentration
• 45g of calcium: SOLUTE
• Water: SOLVENT
2. Bottle of vinegar with concentration of 5%
v/v
• This means it contains 5ml of acetic acid
for 100ml of vinegar solution.
Concentration
• Let’s try these simple problems….
1. 2L of a salt water solution containing 5 g of
salt. What is the concentration of the
solution?
Concentration
Answer:
C=M
V
C= 5g =
2L
2.5g
1L
Ans: The concentration of the solution is
2.5g/L
Concentration
2. What mass of sugar do you need to make
300ml of a 5g/L sugar solution?
Ans: You need to convert the 300ml into
Litres first!!!!
* You must divide the milliliters by 1000.
Concentration
300ml  1000 = 0.3L
C=M
V
5g/L = mass of solute
0.3L
Cross multiply: 5g/L x 0.3L = 1.50g
Ans: You will need 1.50g of sugar.
Concentration
3. What mass of solute do you need to make
50ml of a 20g/L solution?
Ans:
Change 50ml to litres… 50ml  1000 = 0.05L
C= M
V
20g/L = mass of solute
0.05L
Concentration
Cross multiply: 20g/L x 0.05L = 1g
Ans: 1g of solute is needed
Concentration
How do you know if a solution is more
concentrated than the other?
By how dark the solution is when
comparing it to another…
This is an observation made by the naked
eye.
When comparing, the darker the solution,
the more concentrated…
Concentration
Also, by calculating the concentration…
Concentration with a bigger number is always
The stronger solution…
Ex: 0.1g/L, 10g/L, 100g/L


Least
Most
Concentrated
concentrated
Dilution
What is DILUTION?
• This involves decreasing the concentration
of a solution by adding more SOLVENT!!!
How does it change the concentration of a
solution?
• Let’s look at a solution with a
concentration of 1g/L
Dilution
How will the concentration change if we
add 3L of water?
• After the dilution, the quantity of solute
does not change.
• There is still 1g of solute in the solution !
• But the quantity of solution has changed,
there is now 4L instead of 1L!!!
Dilution
• We can write this out like this…
• The concentration is now 1g/4L!!!
• This means there is 1g of solute for every
4L of solution…
OR
Divide 1g into 4L = 0.25g/L
• So, you diluted a 1g/L solution with 3L of
water to make a 0.25g/L solution!!!!
Dilution
• Let’s us a formula for this!!!!
We already know….
C=M  concentration= mass of solute
V
volume of solution
The mass always stays the same in a
dilution!!!So, we can take it out of the
equation!
And use this….
Dilution
C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂
C₁ V₁ = The initial solution
C₂ V₂ = The final solution
C₁ = Initial concentration (g/L)
V₁ = initial volume (L)
C₂ = Final concentration (g/L)
V₂ = Final volume (L)
Dilution
• Let’s look at our example mathematically…
C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ (plug in what you know)
C₁ = 1g/L
V₁ = 1L
C₂ = ?
V₂ = 4L
Do the calculations…
Dilution
C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂
(1)x(1) = (C₂)x(4)
1 = (C₂)4
4
4
C₂ = 0.25g/L
There’s your answer!!!!