Download File - History 2, 6, and 7

From Mongols, to Muscovy, to Czarism
Mongols
• In 1240, Kiev was destroyed
by the Mongols and the
Russian territory was split
into numerous smaller
dukedoms.
• Mongols gain control Russia,
known as the Golden Horde
• Mongols do not disrupt
Russian culture
• Decline of Mongols after
100-200 years of rule
• Rise of Muscovy – shift from
Kiev to Moscow
Muscovy
• After the Mongols were pushed out of Russia,
power shifted from Kiev to Moscow.
• After the fall of Constantinople, Ivan III (14621505) referred to his empire as "the Third Rome"
and considered it heir to the Byzantine tradition.
• Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first
Russian ruler to call himself czar. He pushed
Russian eastward with his conquests
• Ivan was succeeded by Boris Godunov, whose reign
commenced the so-called Time of Troubles.
Relative stability was achieved when Michael
Romanov established the Romanov Dynasty that
ruled Russia until 1917.
Social Classes
• There were two main “classes” in Russian
history
1. Cossacks – peasants
2.
Boyars – nobles
Romanovs
• Michael Romanov – was elected to be
Czar/Tzar/Tsar (sounds like Caesar), but
afterwards the ruling family of Russia was
inherited.
• Alexis became Czar in 1645 and ruled until 1676.
• His son Fedor (Theodore) III became Czar and was
basically competent, but he was physically
deformed and had some problems ruling. He died
and his two brothers Ivan V and Peter I were
declared co-Czars. Ivan was mentally handicapped,
so their sister really ruled until Peter was old
enough to.
Peter the Great
• Struggle for the crown
• Russia = Backward,
100 years behind
• Westernization
• Reforms aimed at
getting Russia up to
speed
• The Great Embassy
European Tour
• When Peter was young he went on a tour of
Europe.
• He traveled in disguise and even performed
manual labor along the way.
• He became convinced that Russia needed to
become as “westernized” as Europe.
St. Petersburg, 1703
• Peter sought easy
access to the Baltic
Sea -- needed for
trade and military
• Peter builds a new
capital – St.
Petersburg
Cultural Reforms of Peter
Goal: aimed to “westernize” society,
little impact on the peasantry
• Clothing changed to German style
• The Boyars were forced to shave
their beards.
• The calendar was changed to more
closely resemble that of Europe.
• Language - a written language was
established.
• Education - increase in the number
of schools, attendance, and
emphasis on education.
• Architecture
Peter the Great
Social Reform
• Table of Ranks (civil service)
• Serfs - sold to factories, this is the first
time they’re mentioned in law and it
serves to condone serfdom.
• Education - more schools, more
requirements
• Church reform - establishment of Holy
Synod, reorganization of clergy
Peter the Great
Political / Institutional Reform
• Law of Succession - says the successor is the
choice of the ruler, leads to trouble in
succession.
• Colleges
• Municipal / Provincial reform
Peter the Great
Economic reform
• Poll tax
• Establishment of
industry – mini
Industrial Revolution
that was supported by
the state.
Religious “Reform”
• Did away with the Russian Patriarch (like a
pope, but with less power)
• Holy Synod would make decisions
Peter the Great
Military reform
• Military made up of both
Cossacks and Boyars
• Boyars were forced into
service – way of
controlling them
• Issued Table of Rank
which defined someone’s
social status based upon
military rank
• Founded the navy
• 200,000 men drafted – for
life
Expansion and Conquest
• Russia won the Great
Northern War (1700-21)
against Sweden’s Charles
XII including the Battle of
Poltava (1709) and
signed the Peace of
Nystad (1721) ending the
war.
• Russia annexed Latvia
and Estonia
Other Fun Facts
• Peter the Great was
over 6’ tall
• He sent his first wife
to a nunnery, he later
married a servant
• Had ten legitimate
children
• Had his oldest son
killed
Peter – a Legacy
• He simply tried to do too much.
• Russia wasn’t ready for Peter and his
reforms.
• His reforms can be considered to be aimed
primarily at making Russia stronger militarily,
to help Russia fight wars.
• Because Peter initiated all of the reforms on
his own, all of them could be changed after
he died
• There was now less emphasis on the idea of
the state representing the rule of God,
instead on initiating its own ideas and letting
them stand for themselves, on their own
merit.
• Serfdom
Snapshot of Russian Society
•
•
•
•
Peasantry – 90% (47% public, 53% private)
Townspeople – 3%
Clergy – 1%
Nobility – 1% (3% owned 50% of serfs)
Snapshot of Russian Society
Nobility
Clergy
Townspeople
Peasantry
Catherine the Great
(1762-1796)
• Seizure of power – the
coup
• German Czarina
• Sought to continue in
Peter’s footsteps
• Pugachev
THE MOGHUL DYNASTY OF INDIA
• Rise of Moghul Rule
• 8th century India
– two religions, came under the influence of
a third.
– Islam.
• Initially Hindus treated Islam as they
had Buddhism.
– eventually absorption into Hindu culture.
THE MOGHUL DYNASTY OF INDIA
• By 1526, Turkic invaders,
led by Babur, attacked
India
– forced out of
Afghanistan. They
sought riches, not
conquest
• Babur's military tactics
and technology similar to
those of the Ottomans
Babur's forces armed with
early Matchlocks.
THE MOGHUL DYNASTY OF INDIA
• Within two years, Babur
held much of the Indus
and Ganges plains.
• Babur had a taste for
art and music.
– poor administrator.
– After Babur’s death in
1530  more outside
attacks
THE MOGHUL DYNASTY OF INDIA
• Akbar’s successor,
Humayan, fled to Persia;
– led invasions into India
– restored control in the north
by 1556. He died soon after.
• Humayan's 13-year-old
son Akbar
– faced immediate pressure
from Mughal enemies.
• Mughal conquests
consolidated northern and
central India.
Camel gun)
introduced by
Humayun
THE MOGHUL DYNASTY OF INDIA
• Social Policies
– Akbar advanced a policy of reconciliation with
his Hindu subjects;
– he encouraged intermarriage,
– abolished head taxes
– Hindus rose to high ranks in the
administration.
– he invented a new faith.
EARLY EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• Social Policies
– Akbar regulate the consumption of
alcohol.
– He strove to improve the position of
women.
• Akbar encouraged widow remarriage
and discouraged child marriages
Pros & Cons of Mughal Empire
• Akbar left a powerful empire at his
death in 1605.
• Not much new territory.
• Most population, poor.
• India fell behind Europe in strategic
ways
Pros & Cons of Mughal’s After
Akbar
• the Mughals ruled over a major commercial
and manufacturing empire.
– Indian cotton demand grew.
• Life of court women improved; women
elsewhere in society declined.
– Child marriage grew more popular,
– widow remarriage died out,
– Sati spread among the upper classes.
Moghuls & Early European
Contacts
• East India Companies. In 1600, at the
height of Akbar's reign, Queen Elizabeth of
England.
• Competition with the Dutch
• English gave up. They turned their
attention to India
• India Company won trading rights
Moghuls Decline
• The Beginnings of Imperial Decline.
– Akbar had paid his nobles in currency.
• palace surplus was $100,000,000.
• Mismanagement and corruption made surplus
dwindle
• successors were forced to pay their nobles
in land
• Nobles increased landholdings – peasants
suffered.
Moghuls Decline
• Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's
successor, inherited a declining
empire and was not able to reverse
the process.
– Two Problems:
1. to
control all of India via warfare
2. to rid Islam of Hindu influences
Moghuls Decline
• War drained the treasury
• Aurangzeb's religious policies toward
Hindus caused social unrest
Moghul’s Struggle for control
• By 1647 the English East India Company
had twenty-seven small trading posts
• Great Britain and France became involved
in local Indian affairs
• They offered their military protection to
Indian princes who were being threatened
by rivals.
• princes gave the Europeans trading
privileges
Struggle for control
• British and the
French.
– Seven Years' War
(1756-1763)
• French took Calcutta
– 3,000 British and
sepoys recaptured it.
– Brits then battled
50,000 at the Battle of
Plassey. Won.
– Treaty of Paris (1763)
recognized British
sovereignty in India.
1800s: "The Raj"
• British merchants could make a fortune in
India, return home
– British socialites called them nabobs,
the title for an official under the Moguls.
British India
• 1876: Empress of
India
– India’s importance,
affection wellknown.
– Prime Minister
Benjamin Disraeli
declared Queen
Victoria to be
"Empress of India."
• Viceroy Lord
Curzon in 1898
A Pretext to Chinese History
• The middle Kingdom.
• Two factors:
– geographical isolation and pride in its culture,
shaped China’s perception of Foreigners.
• China was ruled by foreigners over and over
again.
 Many other Nomads absorbed into Chinese culture
 The Chinese spoke of their nation as Chung-Kuo, the
Middle Kingdom
Pretext to Chinese History
• tributary system.
– The Chinese followed Confucian principles
– China's relationships with foreigners were based on
the same principles.
• Foreigners
– brought tribute to the Imperial Court in Peking in
return for the gifts
Pretext to Chinese History
• The Chinese Historical Cycle
• China's long history no dynasty had ever
solved these basic problems.
• "dynastic cycle."
1. The Nomads:
• Turkic and Mongolic tribes
2. The Bureaucracy:
• The emperor depended on an army of officials
Pretext to Chinese History
3. The Landowners:
– challenge the emperor
4. The Peasantry:
– peasants with little to lose would become
outlaws
Strict rules for foreigners.
• Tribute was also a way to conduct trade.
• Chinese government selected a few
commercial firms
– called hongs to act as its agents
1. No foreign warships may sail inside the inlet to
the river.
2. Neither foreign women nor firearms may be
brought into factories (warehouses).
3. Foreign factories shall employ no maids and no
more than eight Chinese male servants.
4. Foreign trade must be conducted through the
Hong merchants.
Pretext to Chinese History
• Western Intrusion. European traders had
accepted and used the tributary system
since the 1600's.
• Very eager traders
– tea
– silk
• But…between 1750-1850, China's
population increased from 180 million to
over 430 Million
Chinese Transition: Western
Intrusion
• Around 1800
– demand for food
soon outstripped
the supply
– famine
– food prices
soared
– Meanwhile…
Europe was
growing
Opium Trade & British Control
• British merchants imported large amounts
of tea, porcelain, and silk from China
• Chinese wanted few British manufactured
goods
– British had to pay for Chinese goods with
silver
• Balancing Act: smuggle opium & drain silver out
of China
• Opium banned since 1796 in China
Opium Trade & British Control
• By 1830, 8 out of
every 10 people
addicted to Opium
Opium Trade & British Control
• Court at Peking sent official Lin Tse-hsu to
deal with the Opium problem
1. ordered Chinese and foreign merchants to
surrender all opium cargo
2. merchants sent it to British naval officers in
Canton harbor
3. This made the opium the property of the
British government
4. Chinese officials seized it
The First Opium War
• Britain claimed
Chinese
committed an act
of war
• By Sept. 4, 1839
The 1st Opium
War began
From the Beginning
The Chinese Modern Era
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
• Chu Yuan-chang (1328-1398) was a
humble commoner
• In 1352, he joined a rebel band
– seized Nanking
• In 1368, Chu seized Peking
– proclaimed himself the first emperor of the
Ming
– “Renamed” himself Hung-wu
Ming Dynasty
• 2nd strong ruler was Yung-lo (reigned
1403-1424),
• Yung-lo finally captured Nanking
– 17 Ming Emperors reigned from 1368 to 1644
1. founding and consolidation under Hung- wu
2. expansion under Yung-lo
3. 16th century, an intensification of corruption
The Maritime Expeditions
Under the Ming
• Under Yung-lo
• He incorporated the states of South and
Southeast Asia into the tribute system of
China.
• Largely regulated
– venture was marked by 7 great maritime
expeditions
– lasted from 1405 -1433
• Role eunuch: Cheng Ho
16th C Decline of Ming
• Factors
– Weak rulers
– Era of corruption – concentration of land
– English & Dutch disrupted silver trade
– Decline of economy
– decline of crop yields
– Starvation & Epidemic
– Peasant Rebellion
• LiZicheng, occupied Beijing
China and Its Enemies During the Late Ming Era
Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• Manchu's & Ming Military assumed the
rebellion founded the Ch’ing in 1644
• The Reign of K’ang-hsi (1661-1722)
• Stabilized imperial rule by pacifying the
northern and western frontiers.
• Made the empire acceptable to the general
public
• Active patron of arts and letters.
– Supported scholars through projects.
• Western missionaries were permitted to be
active.
Emperor K’ang-hsi
The Era of Peace & Prosperity
Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• K’ang-hsi
• At 15, started ruling empire without the
guidance of the regents.
• crisis for his empire began when he was 15
when Wu Sang
• Problems:
– Russians invaded northern frontier in the 1680s.
– Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689
– Rebellions, wars, and other conflicts killed a large
number of people and damaged the economy.
Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• Empire improved at K'ang-hsi death.
• Next, Ch’ien-lung who also reigned for 61
years as K'ang-hsi did.
– population reached about 300 million during
this time.
• Ch’ing court faced rebellion after rebellion
– There were also internal wars
– The White Lotus Society.
Overview of Internal Decay Under
Ch’ien-lung
• The Reign of Ch’ienlung (1736-1795)
• Military overextended
• Corrupt subordinates
exploited their position
• Court corruption,
siphoned off imperial
funds to family or
favorites
• Led to unrest in rural
areas (higher taxes,
pressure on land,
population increase)
Ch’ing Politics
• Factors of success for the Manchu's
– Ability to adapt to new environment
– Retained Ming Political system
– Established legitimacy as rightful rulers by
stressing their devotion to the principles of
Confucianism
Art During Ming Period
• During the first half
of Ming Dynasty, a
burst of artistic
projects.
• Architecture
underscored this
growth:
– Forbidden City
A CENTRALIZED FEUDAL STATE IN
JAPAN
• Pretext:
• Geography of Japan:
an archipelago; 4,000 islands
• Unique to other cultures in
Asia
– language is a polysyllabic
– Distance
– Strong sense of their own
identity
A CENTRALIZED FEUDAL STATE IN
JAPAN
• The Building of a Centralized Feudal State
• Korea presented Japan the Chinese
written language, astronomy,
Confucianism, and Buddhism.
• However, Japanese selective borrowers:
– rejected the idea of the Mandate of Heaven
– rejected China's egalitarian civil service
examination system
A CENTRALIZED FEUDAL STATE IN
JAPAN
• Japanese Feudalism: Japan had a
military-based feudal society
– wealthiest landowning families began to
centralize their holdings
1. known as Daimyo
2. Daimyos' estates were protected by warriors
called Samurai
– Part of a samurai's income was earned by
acquiring the land of defeated enemies
A CENTRALIZED FEUDAL STATE IN
JAPAN
• How Japan became military-based feudal
society:
• Before Modern Era, Japanese emperor
granted leader of clans the title of Shogun
1. the shogun ruled in the name of the emperor
2. In practice, real authority rested with the shogun.
3. Japan had moved from civil rule to military
dictatorship.
Japan Becomes Isolationist
• Tokugawa Isolation. In the first half of the
17th century, the Tokugawa shogun had
expelled European traders and
missionaries from Japan.
– Japanese ships were forbidden to sail to
foreign ports
– The Japanese avoided all foreigners except
the Dutch
• Got Intel about the rest of Asia
Feudalism under the Tokugawa
Shogunate
• From the 17th to 19th
century
1. reacted to the first contact
with the west and
Christianity by destroying
all foreign influences
2. Tokugawa shogun had
expelled European traders
and missionaries from
Japan
– the time of Tokugawa
Tokugawa
A CENTRALIZED FEUDAL STATE IN
JAPAN
• Strains in the Late
Tokugawa Era
• 1853 four black ships
commanded by Commodore
Matthew Perry, anchored at
Tokyo
1. Perry, on behalf of the
U.S. government, forced
Japan to enter into trade
• demanded a treaty
permitting trade
2. Western powers were
seeking to open new
markets
Strains in the Late Tokugawa Era
• On Perry's return, the
shogun signed the
Treaty of Kanagawa.
• Contained "unequal
clauses" that benefited
the United States
battery at
entrance of
Tokyo, built
in 1853-54
– One daimyo clan, the
Choshu, shelled foreign
ships.
– French & U.S. warships
returned the fire
• most of the Choshu forts
were destroyed.
Choshu forts in 1864
Japanese Opposition
• The Meiji Restoration
• 1867 the Choshu and Satsuma clans
seized control of the imperial court
– Role of Mutsuhito
• 1868-1912 is called the Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration
• Restored emperor to the throne
– thousand year absence
• Reestablished principle of imperial unity
– Meiji emperor did not actually rule
– Decisions made by elite group
• known as oligarchs
• April, 1868, the Meiji government passed
the Charter Oath
Charter Oath
• Land and Military reforms.
1. Charter Oath also abolished feudalism
2. daimyo to give up direct control of their estates
3. given large cash settlements. The samurai class
was abolished
• Westernization and Modernization.
Unlike Chinese, Japanese eager to learn
specifics of western Industrialization
Charter Oath
…Modernization, cont’d.
– In short time: Japanese improved
communication, adopted a constitution,
compulsory education, and modernized the
economy.