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ATMOSPHERE
POWER POINT
What is Air?
 What is air and what is it made up of?
 Take 2 minutes to write down your
responses.
 Ready, set, GO!
Does Air have Mass?
 Complete “Does Air have Mass?” Lab
 Teacher Copy: “Does Air have Mass?”
Lab Sheet
Vocabulary
 Student Copy - Weather Vocabulary
Words:
 Teacher Copy – Answers to Weather
Vocabulary Words:
Composition of the Atmosphere
 Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and
many other gases, as well as particles of
liquids and solids.
Atmosphere
 Blanket of gases
surrounding a planet.
 Makes conditions on earth
suitable for living things.
 Insulates the earth (traps
energy from the sun)
 Protects from meteors and
meteorites
 Protects from UV radiation
Atmosphere Con’t
 Not all planets
have an
atmosphere.
 Ex: Mercury
doesn’t
But the moon has
a very thin
atmosphere.
Composition
 The Parts That Make Up A
System






Nitrogen - Most abundant (78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Argon (.93%)
Carbon Dioxide (.038%)
Water Vapor/particles
(.032%)
Warm Up
 Work on your “Our Impact On
The Atmosphere” worksheet.
 Or if you haven’t finished your
vocab from yesterday. FINISH!
 Make sure you fill out the back
diagrams.
 Put in your class work section of
your binder.
Composition of the Atmosphere
 Nitrogen – Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in
the atmosphere. It makes up more than ¾ of the
atmosphere.
 Oxygen – Oxygen makes up less than ¼ of the
atmosphere, but is the most essential for animal
and human life. Oxygen is taken from the
atmosphere and used to release energy from our
food.
– Oxygen is also used in other processes like
burning materials and causing rust on metals.
– Ozone is a form of oxygen that has three
oxygen molecules instead of two. Ozone forms
when lightning occurs and is what causes the
smell after a storm. Around 35% of incoming
energy is turned back into space by ozone layer,
clouds, and dust in the air.
Composition of the Atmosphere
 Carbon Dioxide – Carbon dioxide is
essential to life. Plants must have carbon
dioxide to produce food. When humans
and animals break down food to produce
energy, they release carbon dioxide into
the air.
– Carbon dioxide is also created when
fuels such as coal and gasoline are
burned. This increases the amount of
carbon dioxide in the air.
 Other Gases – Oxygen and nitrogen
together make up 99% of dry air. Argon
and Carbon dioxide make up most of the
remaining 1%
Composition of the Atmosphere
 Water Vapor – In reality, air is not dry and contains
water vapor. Water vapor is a gas form of water. It is
invisible and cannot be felt. It is not the same thing as
steam.
 The amount of water vapor in the air varies greatly
from place to place and time to time. We sometimes
call water vapor humidity. Water vapor is what
eventually forms clouds and precipitation.
 Particles – Precipitation cannot form without particles
in the air. Our air contains tiny particles of dust,
smoke, salt, and other chemicals. Most of these
particles are too tiny to see.
Video Clip
 United Streaming:
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search
?Ntt=Earth%27s+Atmosphere%3A+The+P
roperties+of+the+Atmosphere+
Review Questions
1. What is the atmosphere?
–
A thin layer of gases that surround Earth
2. What are the four most common gases in dry air?
–
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and argon
3. Why are the amounts of gases in the atmosphere
usually shown as percentages of dry air?
– The percentage of water vapor in the air varies and
affects the percent composition.
4. What are three ways in which the atmosphere is
important to life on Earth?
– It contains oxygen need by many organisms. It
provides warmth by trapping energy from the sun.
It protects us from dangerous radiation and
objects from outer space.
Properties of Air
• Air is made up of atoms and molecules,
which have mass. This means that air also
has mass.
• Because air has mass, it also has other
properties including density and pressure.
• Density – The amount of mass in a given
volume of air is its density. # of molecules
in the same amount of space.
• If there are more molecules in a volume,
the density is greater. If there are less
molecules in a volume, the density is less
Density = Mass
Volume
Properties of Air
Air pressure can change from day to
day just like the amount of water
vapor in air.
Air pressure is related to density
and mass:
The more dense a substance, the
more mass and pressure it has.
Air Pressure
 There is a column of air above you all
the time pushing on us all the time.
 The weight of the air in the
atmosphere causes air pressure.
Miles of air above us weight a lot. 15
pounds of pressure on every square
inch of your body.
 Moist air is lighter than dry air.
Pressure decreases as the amount of
moisture in air increases.
 “Pressurized” airplanes (Impossible
to breathe without making it similar
to the pressure on the ground).
Measuring Air Pressure
 Barometer – A barometer is an instrument that
is used to measure air pressure. There are two
common kinds: mercury and aneroid
Air pressure is measured using several different
units. We will learn about 2 of those.
• Inches of mercury – This is the most common
form used in everyday weather forecasts. The
meteorologist might say – “The pressure
reading today is at 30.75 inches.”
•
Millibars – The National Weather Service maps
use millibars to measure air pressure. 1 inch of
mercury = 33.87 millibars, so 30 inches of
mercury = 1,016 millibars
Measuring Air Pressure – Mercury
Barometer
 Air pressure pushes down on the surface
of the mercury in the dish, causing the
mercury in the tube to rise. The air
pressure is greater on the barometer on
the right, so the mercury is higher in the
tube.
Measuring Air Pressure
 This diagram shows an aneroid barometer.
Changes in air pressure cause the walls of the
airtight metal chamber to flex in and out. The
needle on the dial indicates the air pressure.
Warm UP
 When referring to UV radiation, what
does the “UV” stand for?
 Where does UV radiation come
from?
 What could happen if you are
exposed to too much UV radiation?
 What might protect us from
radiation?
Air Pressure and Altitude
 Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.
Altitude is your elevation, or height above sea
level on earth.
 The higher up you
go, the lower the
Pressure and density. The
lower you go, the higher
the pressure.
Altitude and Density
 The density of air decreases as altitude increases.
Air at sea level has more gas molecules in each
cubic meter than air at the top of a mountain.
Since Air is less dense at high altitudes, there are
fewer oxygen molecules, so you would become
short of breath quickly at high altitudes.
Video Clip: Density and
Pressure
 United Streaming Video:
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/searc
h?Ntt=Matter+and+Energy%3A+Chapte
r+2%3A+Pressure+%5B09%3A18%5D
 Atmosphere website
Layers of
the
Atmosphere
The Air Up
There
Exosphere
Ionosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
 There are four layers of the
atmosphere: based on Temperature and
density.
-Troposphere
-Stratosphere
-Mesosphere
-Thermosphere
- Ionosphere
- Exosphere
The Troposphere
 Lowest layer & Closet to
Earth
 Contains most of the
mass of the atmosphere
 Weather occurs here
 9-16 kilometers in depth
 Temperatures
decreases as altitude
increases
 Layer where airplanes
fly here and where we
live and breath in,
weather, pollution,
birds, and Water Vapor.
The Stratosphere
 Begins where troposphere ends and goes about 50
km above Earth
 Increase temp with altitude
 Divided into lower, middle and, upper sections
 Lower section is cold, -60 degrees Celsius
 Middle section is the ozone layer (protects us
from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
 Upper section is warm due to ozone absorbing
energy from the sun and converts it into heat.
Absorbs UV Radiation- Need Sunscreen
 This is where planes fly because it is above the
weather and jets fly in this layer too.
 Pollutants that reach the lower area may linger
for lengthy periods. Ex: Volcanic eruptions can
cause changes in the weather and climate
The Mesosphere
 Middle layer – (meso means middle)
 Located between 50-90km above the Earth’s
surface
 No concentrated O3
 Outer mesosphere is the coldest part of the
atmosphere and has a temperature of -90°C
 The Mesosphere is where meteoroids burn up and it
protects us from them.
 When you see a shooting star,
you are seeing the trail
of a burning up meteoroid.
The Thermosphere
 Located 90+km above the Earth’s surface and




Warmest Layer (“Thermo”)
No definite outer limit and extends out to space
Very hot (1,800 degrees Celsius) because sunlight
hits the thermosphere first.
Least Dense-does not feel hot to humans (So spread
apart we could deal with it)
It is divided into to parts:
• Ionosphere (lower layer) aurora
Borealis
Exosphere (upper layer) outer
layer
Ionosphere
 The lower layer of the thermosphere
 Located 80-400km above Earth
 Radio waves bounce off ions in the
ionosphere back to Earth’s surface.
 The aurora borealis is found here.
This is caused by particles
from the sun that strike
atoms in the ionosphere
and causes them to glow.
Exosphere
 Begins at about 400km
and extends out into
space – no clear
boundary
 Fewer and fewer
molecules with altitude
 Contains light gases like
hydrogen and helium
 Satellites and the space
shuttle both orbit in
the exosphere.
Need to know Prefixes
 Sphere – round
 Tropo – changing (weather is




always changing here )
Strato – spread out (thinning
out)
Meso – middle
Thermo – heat
Exo - outer
Good and Bad Ozone
 Good Ozone:( Stratospheric Ozone) – Shields
us from the suns UV rays. It is found 10-30
miles above earth’s surface in the
stratosphere.
 Bad Ozone: (Tropospheric ozone) – Found in
the lower atmosphere, near the ground, is
formed by cars, power plants, chemical plants
and other sources that react in the presence
of sunlight. It is greater concern in areas with
higher temperatures and higher pollution.
Who is at the highest risk
for damage from the ozone?
 Children spend time outside (a lot) in the
summer.
 Anyone who has asthma or other
respiratory disorders.
 Adults of all ages who work vigorously
outside.
 Ozone is like sunburn for the lungs. The
only difference is that the lungs have no
nerves. So you can’t feel the pain.
Warm Up
(True or False)
If false write the correct answer
 We live in the troposphere.
 Radio Waves bounce off of the ionosphere.
 There are 7 main layers of the atmosphere.
 The exosphere is commonly called space.
 All weather occurs in the stratosphere.
 The hottest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere.
 The mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.
 The ozone is found in the thermosphere.
 The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.
Temperature Vs Altitude
Air Quailty
 Tells us the levels of pollutants in
the air.
 Pollutants are harmful substances
found in the air (as well as water
and soil).
 Pollutants can affect the health of
humans and animals.
Sources of Pollution
 Point Source – pollution can be
traced to a single source (factory,
oil refinery).
 Nonpoint Source – can not be
traced to a specific point or
location (farm run-off, storm
water run-off).
Sources of Pollution
 Natural sources –
Fires, soil, dust,
pollen, volcanic ash.
 Human Activities –
Burning fossil
fuels, farming,
construction.
Smog and Acid Rain
 Smog – (smoke
and fog) results
from burning high
amounts of coal.
 Acid Rain - is rain
or any other form
of precipitation
that is unusually
acidic.
EPA
 Environmental Protection Agency –
Agency of the USA. Mission is to
protect human health and the
environment.
 Develop and enforce environmental
regulations.
 Performs and finances environmental
research.
Science Journal CHECK #1
Table Of Contents:
1. Warm up on why is science safety important, list any science
safety equipment you know about, and etc
 2. SpongeBob Safety
 3. Ban DiHydrogen Monoxide
 4. Warm up On What you did for Labor Day, list scientific
method, and status on project
 5. SpongeBob Controls and Variables
 6. Any Scientific Method or Metric Conversion Notes (ONLY IF
YOU DON’T HAVE THESE IN YOUR BINDER)
 7. Metric Mania Page 1
 8. Metric Mania Page 2
 9. Gummy Bear Lab Table and questions
 10. UV Radiation Warm Up
*Have your science journal out. I will come around and
check them.*
Layers of The Atmosphere Project
Guidelines:
#1: Every Layer should be labeled. Even the
ionosphere, exosphere, and ozone layer.
#2:Every Layer should have at least 3 or more
characteristics written about them.
#3: Every layer should have pictures of objects that
may be found in that layer.
#4: Make your foldable colorful and put as much
information as you would like on it. You will be
using this to study for tests/quizzes.