Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
ANIMALS SPECIALIZED CELLS & BODY SYSTEMS SPECIALIZED CELLS: BLOOD • BLOOD: FLUID THAT TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES THROUGHOUT THE BODY • MADE OF 2 MAIN SUBSTANCES: • 1. PLASMA: 90% WATER PLUS DISSOLVED PROTEINS, GLUCOSE, MINERAL IONS, HORMONES, & CARBON DIOXIDE. • 2. BLOOD CELLS: 3 TYPES: • RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)= CARRIES OXYGEN THROUGHOUT THE BODY (MOST NUMEROUS) • WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)= DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE • PLATELETS= FORM BLOOD CLOTS SPECIALIZED CELLS: MUSCLE • MUSCLE CELLS: SHORTEN TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY. THEY MOVE THE SKELETON, HEART, AND INTERNAL ORGANS • THREE MAIN TYPES 1. SKELETAL 2. CARDIAC 3. SMOOTH • MUSCLE CELLS HAVE MANY, MANY MITOCHONDRIA (BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE SO MUCH ENERGY) SPECIALIZED CELLS: EPITHELIUM • EPITHELIAL CELLS FORM THE LINING OF STRUCTURES. • THIS INCLUDES: • SKIN • LINING OF BODY CAVITIES • THREE TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS 1. SQUAMOUS: FLAT, THIN, AND SOFT. THESE LINE CHEEKS, BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS, AND OTHER BODY CAVITIES. 2. CUBOIDAL: CUBE-SHAPED 3. COLUMNAR: LINE THE SMALL INTESTINE. BODY SYSTEMS: RESPIRATORY • RESPIRATION: MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS (BREATHING) INSPIRATION: BREATHING IN EXPIRATION: BREATHING OUT INVOLVES THE LUNGS TRACHEA BRONCHIAL TUBES ALVEOLI BODY SYSTEMS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • A TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR MANY SUBSTANCES (INCLUDING BLOOD) • INVOLVES THE • HEART= PUMP SYSTEM • VEINS= CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART • ARTERIES= CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART • BLOOD VESSELS= FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND VARY IN SIZE BODY SYSTEMS: SKELETAL SYSTEM • PROVIDES SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE BODY, MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF BONES • INVOLVES • BONES= MADE OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE • JOINTS= WHERE BONES COME TOGETHER. 1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT: LIKE HIP OR SHOULDER 2. HINGE JOINT: LIKE KNEE OR ELBOW 3. IMMOVABLE JOINT: LIKE THE SKULL • CARTILAGE= FLEXIBLE TISSUE THAT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT BODY SYSTEMS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SMALLER MOLECULES THAT THE CELL CAN USE • INVOLVES: • MOUTH= TEETH MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD • ESOPHAGUS= PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS (THROAT) • STOMACH= BREAKS DOWN FOOD WITH GASTRIC JUICE (VERY ACIDIC) • SMALL INTESTINE= ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM • LARGE INTESTINE= WATER IS REABSORBED BY THE BODY & WASTES ARE EXPELLED BODY SYSTEMS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • MALES HAVE • SPERM • TESTES= GLANDS THAT PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE • FEMALES HAVE • OVARIES= RELEASE EGGS • FALLOPIAN TUBE= PATH OF EGGS TO UTERUS • UTERUS= PLACE FOR EMBRYO (BABY) TO DEVELOP SPERM + EGG= ZYGOTE (WHICH DEVELOPS INTO A FETUS UNTIL FINAL A BABY IS BORN) BODY SYSTEMS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM • ENABLES APPROPRIATE MOVEMENT • ENABLES THE FUNCTION OF ORGANS • THREE TYPES • 1. SKELETAL= ATTACHED TO BONES AND MOVES THE BODY (VOLUNTARY) • 2. SMOOTH= LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND MAKE UP THE WALLS OF VESSELS (INVOLUNTARY) • 3. CARDIAC= FOUND IN THE HEART (INVOLUNTARY) BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM • CONTROLS AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF THE BODY • NEURONS= NERVE CELLS • SENSORY NEURONS GET INFO FROM YOUR 5 SENSES • MOTOR NEURONS CARRY INFO FROM BRAIN TO MUSCLES TO CAUSE ACTION • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • BRAIN • SPINAL CORD BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • CONSISTS OF ALL OTHER PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM. • CARRIES IMPULSES FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO THE REST OF THE BODY • AUTONOMIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE GLANDS & SMOOTH MUSCLES. • SOMATIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS VOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE SKELETAL MUSCLES BODY SYSTEMS: URINARY SYSTEM • PRODUCES, TEMPORARILY STORES, AND ELIMINATES WASTE (URINE) • INVOLVES THE • KIDNEYS= FILTERS LIQUID WASTE AND PRODUCES URINE • URETERS= PATHWAY OF URINE TO BLADDER • BLADDER= HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE • URETHRA= TUBE THAT TAKES URINE FROM THE BLADDER OUT OF THE BODY BODY SYSTEMS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • REGULATES THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BODY FUNCTION • TWO TYPES OF GLANDS: • EXOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE SUBSTANCES INTO BODY CAVITY OR ONTO SKIN’S SURFACE. EX. SWEAT GLANDS & MAMMARY GLANDS • ENDOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE HORMONES INTO BLOODSTREAM. • HORMONES INCLUDE: GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, ADRENALINE, & THYROXIN BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM • CELLS AND TISSUES THAT DEFEND THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST PATHOGENS -INVOLVES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) • LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: CONNECTING NETWORK AMONG PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • LYMPH= FLUID CONTAINED IN LYMPH VESSELS • TISSUE FLUID= SURROUNDS CELLS AND CONSISTS OF WATER AND LEUKOCYTES • LYMPH NODES= MASSES OF TISSUE LOCATED AT INTERVALS ALONG THE LYMPH VESSELS BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM • SPLEEN= LARGEST LYMPH ORGAN • INFLAMMATION= LOCALIZES THE INFECTION AND ALLOWS THE BODY TO DESTROY PATHOGENS • FEVER= INCREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE • ANTIGEN= VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI (WHATEVER THE INVADING ORGANISM) • ANTIBODIES= SPECIFIC TO ONE ANTIGEN. BINDS TO ANTIGEN AND BLOCKS EFFECTS. BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM • IMMUNITY= ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE. • ACTIVE IMMUNITY= • ACQUIRED WHEN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS ACTIVATED IN THE BODY. (YOU GET SICK AND YOUR BODY BUILDS UP ITS IMMUNITY) • LONG TERM IMMUNITY • PASSIVE IMMUNITY= • WHEN ANTIBODIES ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY. (FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH BREAST-FEEDING) • SHORT TERM IMMUNITY RECAP OF BODY SYSTEMS • RESPIRATORY • MUSCULAR • CIRCULATORY • NERVOUS • SKELETAL • URINARY • DIGESTIVE • ENDOCRINE • REPRODUCTIVE • IMMUNE