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“Writing with Movement” What is Cinematography? Translated as “Writing with Motion” (similar to “photography”: Writing with Light). It is “the art of making film” The methods, technology and unique systems of framing images differentiate cinematography from the still images of photography. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXAr 2yiYCV4 What is a “shot,” a “take” and a “setup”? A “Shot” is one uninterrupted run of the camera. It is the basic building block of the film. A “Take” indicates the number of times a particular shot is taken. A “Setup” is one camera position and everything associated with it. It is the basic component of a film’s production. Cinematographic Job Responsibilities A clapper / loader is the person responsible for slating the shots with the clapperboard and loading the film containers into the camera. A clapper board (or clapboard or clapstick board) is two short wooden boards, hinged together with essential information for each take. The sound it makes when clapped together, matches the sound track to the film images for later editing. Cinematographic Job Responsibilities A “Gaffer” is the chief electrician on a set. A “Best Boy” is the first assistant electrician. A “Grip” is an all-around handy person who works with the camera and electrical crew. Cinematographic Job Responsibilities A “Director of Photography” (or “Cinematographer”) is responsible for composing, lighting, and shooting the film and for translating the director’s ideas into the look and atmosphere of the film. Cinematographic Job Responsibilities The Director of Photography or Cinematographer is responsible for: 1. Cinematographic properties of the shot (film stock, lighting, lenses) 2. Framing of the shot (visualization and composition, types of shots, depth, camera angle and height, scale, camera movement). 3. Speed and length of the shot 4. Special effects cinematography Film Stock There are two basic types of film stock (plus digital imagery which isn’t technically on “film”): Black and White (was the standard at one point due to limited technology. Ex: Silent Film… which also didn’t have sound technology) Color Film Stock Film stock is manufactured in several standard gauges, or widths measured in millimeters, including: 8mm – amateur “home movies” Super 8mm – amateur “home movies” 16mm – low budget or student film 35mm – Standard film 65mm 70mm – Standard film Film also comes in “Speeds” Black and White Film Current films do not use black and white film generally, except for artistic effect. If used it offers compositional possibilities and cinematographic effects that are impossible with color film. It can use distinct contrasts and hard edges to express an abstract world such as in early science fiction, westerns, film noirs and gangster films. Example: Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1927) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrFBId1b8 U0 Color Film Early film was hand colored such as The Great Train Robbery, where 9,600 frames were hand painted! Color Film Tinting was printing black and white negatives on specially colored film stock – It was very limited in terms of color. Toning used chemicals to alter the black and white image to a crude version of color. Color Film: Technicolor Two-Color Process: (1920’s) A Technicolor “additive” process to create color that could reproduce a specific color by adding and mixing combinations of the three primary colors (red, green and blue) in their required proportions. Example: 1923 Cecile B. DeMille film; The Ten Commandments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2MUP PfbfHg Color Film: Technicolor Three-color process: (1930’s) A Technicolor “subtractive” process that involved three strips of film and a great deal of light to create a color image. A black-and-white negative was made through the light filters, each representing a primary color. These three “color-separation” negatives are then superimposed and printed as a positive in natural color. Example: Walt Disney’s Silly Symphonies - “Flowers and Trees” and “The Three Little Pigs” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEaW0NX7rvc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=consjx_RKyA Color Film: Technicolor The Wizard of Oz (1939) is an early U.S. film that notoriously starts off in a blackand-white format but which later transitions dramatically to a world of color to indicate she has exited the “normal” world and is now in a fantasy world. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6D8 PAGelN8 Color Film: Technicolor Gone With the Wind (1939) - One of the early films in the U.S. that successfully made use of new color technologies to impress movie-going audiences in 1939. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mM 8iNarcRc Color Film: Technicolor Monopack was introduced (1941) – It was a multilayered film stock that could be used in a conventional camera. This made for less bulky cameras and the ability to shoot film outside rather than being limited to a studio. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dR 3h2HdnBQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5i9 k7s9X_A Colorization In the 1970’s and 1980’s, some television moguls tried to “improve” the “old” movies they were showing on television with the process of Colorization. Using early digital technology in a process like hand-tinting, they “painted” colors on great movies meant by their creators to be seen in black and white. Generally, this process is currently frowned upon, as it seems to trample on the original artist’s vision when they made the original film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKtRvBZx2 8c Lighting: 2 Primary Types Natural Light: Daylight is a convenient and economical source of this type of lighting for a film. Example: The Revenant Artificial Light: Produced by “instruments,” this type of lighting compensates in part for the fact that natural light is not always available or cooperative during a film production. Example: Spielberg films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind Natural Light https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkUydZ t7Is8 Artificial Light https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mS7 pT2WBHGw Artificial Light: 2 Main Varieties Hard lighting (Specular) – Direct sunlight is specular; it creates harsh, well-defined shadows. It may “wash out” shadows in some areas based on the direction of the light source. Soft Lighting (Diffuse) – Sunlight through clouds; it becomes diffuse and “softer” on the subject. It generally gives the subject a more gentle, ethereal image. (Lighting) Quality: (as applied to lighting and not sound) It is the level or intensity of the illumination which can be either hard or soft. Artificial Light: 2 Primary Devices Focusable Spots – These can produce either a hard, direct spotlight beam or a more indirect floodlight beam. “Barn Doors” (black metal sheets or doors near the light’s lens) can cut, direct and shape the light. Floodlights – These can produce diffuse, indirect light with very little or no shadows. A “Softlight” version of this creates very soft, diffuse, almost shadowless light. More Lighting Equipment Reflector Board – Not really lighting equipment, as it does not produce its own light. It is a double-sided board that pivots in a U-shaped holder. One side is a hard, smooth surface that reflects hard light; the other is a soft textured surface that provides softer fill light. More Lighting Equipment Filters: These are pieces of plastic or glass placed in front of the lens of the camera. Films / Gels: These are sheets of plastic or glass placed in front of the light source. Direction of Light Key Light (also known as Source Light): is the brightest light falling on the subject. Positioned to one side of the camera, it creates hard shadows High-Key Lighting: Produces very little contrast between the darks and the lights. It is used extensively in dramas, musicals, comedies and adventure films, and its even, flat illumination does not call particular attention to the subject being photographed. Direction of Light Low-Key Lighting: creates stronger contrasts; sharper, darker shadows; and an overall gloomy atmosphere. It is used in horror films, mysteries, psychological dramas, crime stories, and film noirs, and its contrasts between light and dark often imply ethical judgement. Direction of Light Fill Light: Positioned at the opposite side of the camera from the key light, can fill in the shadows created by the brighter key light. Fill light might also come from a reflector. Direction of Light Backlight: usually positioned behind and in line with the subject and the camera, is used to crate high-lights on the subject as a means of separating it from the background and increasing its appearance of three-dimensionality. In studio lighting, the backlight is usually a spotlight positioned above and behind the subject. In exterior shooting, the sun is often used as a backlight Direction of Light 3 Point Lighting Lighting: Rebecca, Citizen Kane, The Grapes of Wrath were early films that used lighting to express a character’s fear, convey the distance between characters and to establish a moral climate within a film. Lenses Focal Length: is the distance from the optical center of a lens to the focal point (the film plane – foreground, middle ground, or background – that the camera person wants to keep in focus) Depth of Field: is the distance in front of a camera and its lens in which objects are in apparent sharp focus Four Major Types of Lenses Short-Focal Length (Wide-Angle Lens): Creates the illusion of depth within the frame, albeit with some distortions at the edges of the frame. Middle-focal-length lens (the “normal” lens): Does not distort perspectival relations Long-focal-length lens (the telephoto lens): Flattens the space and depth and thus distorts perspectival relations Zoom Lens: which is moved towards and away from the subject being photographed. An assistant camera operator responsible for following and maintaining focus during shots is called the Focus Puller. Quality of Cinematography The overall style of a film is determined by its production value, or the amount of human and physical resources devoted to the image and that includes the style of its lighting. What is Cinematography? Quiz on Monday (after watching documentary)