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SPRING MIDTERM
REVIEW POWERPOINT
MATCH THE TERMS!
Fought in USSR, 1942.
The Red Army
pushed back the
Germans and began
advancing into
Eastern Europe.
Battle of Stalingrad
Area of Europe where
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand was
assassinated. It was
called the “Powder Keg
of Europe” because
tensions in the region
had been building up
for years.
The Balkans
This started when
thousands of people
marched on the Czar’s
palace in St. Petersburg
in 1917. After this
event Czar Nicholas II
abdicated.
March Revolution in
Russia
The region rich in natural
resources that Japan
invaded and conquered
in 1931
Manchuria
Battle of Tannenberg and
the location of other
battles fought by the
Russians, Germans, and
Austro-Hungarians
Eastern Front
To improve the economy
after the Bolshevik
Revolution, Lenin
allowed for small
businesses to open;
peasants could own
small plots of land and
sell surplus crops.
New Economic Policy
Japan suffered a major
setback here in 1942.
Attacks were carried
out by planes launched
from aircraft carriers.
Battle of Coral Sea
Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
Triple Alliance of World
War One
The U.S. did not want to
get involved in the
League of Nations after
WWI or the beginning
of WWII.
Isolationism
Highly militaristic,
nationalistic, racist form
of totalitarian
government in Germany
Nazism
The small political party in
Russia responsible for
the Communist
Revolution of 1917.
Lenin was the leader.
Bolsheviks
Hitler and Stalin agreed
not to attack each other
for 10 years and would
divide Poland between
their two countries
after 1939.
Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact
The quote, “Peace for our
time,” was said after
Hitler successfully
convinced other
European leaders that
he would not take any
territory beyond the
Sudetenland.
Munich Conference
The Russian Parliament
that set up a provisional
government after the
czar abdicated.
Duma
The fascist leader of Spain
beginning in 1936.
Francisco Franco
After WWI, President
Wilson wanted new
European nations to be
formed based on the
will of their people.
Self-Determination
“Peace, Land, and Bread!”
Vladimir Lenin
All resources of a nation
are used to win the war.
Total War
Absolute control of the
government by a single
man; all government
and economic
decisions, as well as the
lives of the citizens are
controlled by the leader
and government.
Totalitarianism
WORLD WAR ONE
(CH. 11)
REVIEW
What are the four
main causes of World
War One?
The Great War (WWI) was caused by…
• ARMS RACE IN EUROPE (Militarism)
• NATIONALISM
• COLONIAL RIVALRY (Imperialism)
• ALLIANCE SYSTEM
Green:
Triple &
Dual
Alliance
Blue:
Triple
Entente
Red: ties
Russia to
Serbia
1915
Black:
Japan &
Britain
Yellow:
Italy joins
Allies
1915
Forest
Green:
O.Empire
joins CP
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE…
READ THE HANDOUT
DETAILING HIS MURDER!!!
THE CHAIN REACTION
 On July 28 A-H declared war on SERBIA
 On the same day, RUSSIA announced MOBILIZATION
of its vast army towards the Austrian border
 On August 1, GERMANY declared war on RUSSIA
 On August 3, GERMANY declared war on FRANCE
 France was now at war with GERMANY & A-H
On August 4, BRITAIN declared war on
GERMANY after invading Belgium
On August 23, JAPAN declared war on
GERMANY
On August 25, A-H declared war on JAPAN
CENTRAL POWERS
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire (1915)
ALLIED POWERS
Great Britain
France
Russia
Japan
Italy (1915)
Belgium
Greece
Serbia
Romania
Others…USA (1917)
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
(CH. 11.5)
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
FLOW CHART
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
19TH CENTURY CZARS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Autocracy
Harsh measures against opponents
Secret police
Pogroms
Oppression of non-Russians
Resistance to change
EVENTS OF 1905
Bloody Sunday
• 200,000 workers march on czar’s winter
palace
• Troops fire on crowd, 1,000 + killed
Creation of Duma
• First parliament of Russia
• Czar forced to share power; dissolved it after
10 weeks
NICHOLAS II’s MISTAKES
• Brought Russia into WWI
• Moved Headquarters to front in WWI
• Czarina Alexandra given power; she became
influenced by Rasputin
• Rasputin was freaky, crazy, and corrupt
• People poor and starving; lots of unrest
• MARCH 1917 (February in Russian Calendar)
• 200,000 workers march on St. Petersburg
(Petrograd) over bread and fuel shortages
• Czar’s soldiers joined the crowds
“DOWN WITH AUTOCRACY!”
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Temporary Government
Led by:
Alexander Kerensky
But the Provisional Government did not have as
much power as the…
• Formed by social revolutionaries
• Local councils in cities
• Consisted of workers, peasants,
and soldiers
MISTAKES OF PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Biggest mistake: kept Russia in World War One
Also, did not help workers or peasants with food
and fuel shortages
Lost all support!
NOVEMBER REVOLUTION
Led by:
Vladimir Lenin, leader of Bolshevik Party
(Communists!)
His slogan:
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
• Bolshevik Red Guards took over gov’t offices;
arrested Prov. Gov’t leaders
• Bolsheviks in power November 1917
•
•
•
•
All farmland distributed to peasants
Factories controlled by workers
End Russia’s involvement in WWI
Gained many opponents, leading to
Russian Civil War
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
1918-1920
RED ARMY
• Bolsheviks
(Communists!)
• Led by…Leon Trotsky
WHITE ARMY
• Opponents of
Bolsheviks in Russia;
western nations like the
USA
RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
• Red Army crushes all opposition
to Bolshevik rule
• Russian economy destroyed: no
trade or industrial production
BOLSHEVIKS BECOME KNOWN AS…
THE COMMUNIST PARTY
(still led by Lenin)
THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
1921
To help Russia recover from the war Lenin
allowed for a little bit of capitalism
• Peasants could sell surplus (extra) crops for
profit
• Individuals could buy and sell goods for profit
• Some small factories, farms, and businesses
allowed
NEW COUNTRY
• Lenin organized Russia into self-governing
republics
• Central Government controlled them!
• 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Capital: Moscow
• Lenin had created a “Dictatorship of the
Communist Party” (Marx calls it the Dictatorship of the
Proletariat)
• This becomes known as Leninism
END OF WWI
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES-1919
The Goals (what they wanted)
France:
• Never get attacked by Ger.
again
• Rebuild national economy
• Gain back territory
Britain:
• Germany pays for war
(reparations)
• Control the seas; remain
global power
United States:
• System of world security
• New nations based on will
of people (selfdetermination)
Germany:
• Fair peace settlement
• Keep territory in Europe and
colonies in Africa/Asia
• Keep national self respect
TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES– WHAT
THEY GOT
France:
• Reparations from Ger
• Land rich in nat. resources
Britain:
• Control of Ger colonies
• Reparations from Ger
• Control of German boats
United States:
• League of Nations
• New nations: Austria,
Hungary, Poland
Germany:
• Lost 10% of land & colonies
• Accept responsibility for
war
• Pay $5 Billion in reparations
• Military disbanded
THE WORLD AFTER WWI
YEARS OF CRISIS
1919-1939
POSTWAR DEMOCRACIES
• Little experience w/ rep. gov’t
• Too many political parties
• Coalition Governments didn’t work:
too many disagreements
• Weak gov’ts in difficult times
changed for totalitarian rulers
THE DAWES PLAN
1924-1930
$2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid;
U.S. goods imported to rebuild
economies
U.S. lends
$2.6 bill to Germany;
spent on building up
German economy
Germany uses
increased tax
revenues to pay
$2.0 bill reparations
to France
WEIMAR REPUBLIC of GERMANY
•
•
•
•
Established in 1919
No democratic tradition in Germany
Post-WWI Germany had many political parties
Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t for
the problems Treaty of Versailles
HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY
• Wartime taxes not increased
• German gov’t printed money to pay for war
• German gov’t printed money to pay for war
reparations forced by the Treaty of Versailles
• Prices increased while the value of the
currency (Mark) fell
• People unable to afford basic necessities
THE UNITED STATES:
OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION
Factories:
• U.S. factories producing
large amounts of goods
• Most people in U.S. too
poor to purchase these
goods
• Store owners cut back
orders from factories
• Factories reduce
production; workers fired
Farms:
• Large amount of crops
• Competition from foreign
crops
• Surplus food drives prices
down
• Farmers don’t make profit;
cannot make loan payments
• Farmers lose land to banks
DECLINE IN
DEMAND FOR
GOODS
INCREASE
IN
UNEMPLOYMENT
DECLINE
IN
PRODUCTION
OF GOODS
DECLINE IN
OVERALL
FACTORY
PRODUCTION
UNEMPLOYMENT,
1928-1938
STOCK
MARKET
CRASHES
HITLER
FDR &
NEW
DEAL
The Political Spectrum
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISM
Dictatorship
One-party rule
Primacy of state over individual
Control by state of most aspects of life
Communism:
Fascism/Nazism:
1.
1. Basic Principles: Authoritarian; action-
2.
3.
4.
5.
Leninism, Marxism,
dictatorship of proletariat
Nationalist, internationalist
Supported by workers (USSR)
and peasants (China)
Collective ownership;
centralized state planning
Censorship, indoctrination,
secret police
Examples: Communism in USSR
oriented; leader identified with state
2. Political: Nationalist, highly militarist,
racist (Nazism)
3. Social: supported by middle class,
industrialists and military
4. Economic: private property; control by
state corporations or state
5. Cultural: censorship, indoctrination, secret
police
Examples: Fascism in Italy and Spain; Nazism
in Germany
The Political Spectrum
What is Fascism?
By Benito Mussolini
“Fascism is the complete
opposite of
[Communism]…it combats
the whole system of
democracy…it denies that
the majority [of the
people] can direct
society…For Fascism the
growth of the empire and
war is essential…” 1932
BELIEFS OF FASCISM:
• Loyalty to the state
• Extreme nationalism
• Peaceful states would be
conquered
• Uniforms and special
salutes
• Mass rallies
• Each class has a place &
function
Benito Mussolini
“Il Duce”
•
•
•
•
•
ITALIAN FASCISM
Wanted to rescue Italy from
poor economy, rebuild
military after WWI
“Black shirts” terrorized
Communists
1922 Italian Prime Minister
Abolished democracy and
all opposition; won support
of middle class, aristocracy,
industry leaders
Italy became the model for
fascism in Spain and
Germany
The
Characteristics
of Fascism
Ideology
• A form of extreme right-wing
ideology.
• Celebrates the nation or the race over
individual happiness
• Powerful and continuing nationalism.
–Constant use of patriotic mottos,
slogans, symbols, songs, etc.
–Flags are seen everywhere.
Subordination to the State
• Nothing is more important than
the State (country)
• It uses organized violence to
suppress opposition.
–Glorification of force.
–Is anti-democratic.
Cult of State Worship
• The individual had no significance
except as a member of the state.
• The fascists were taught:
– Credere! [to believe]
– Obbedire! [to obey]
– Combattere! [to fight]
The Myth of Rebirth
• Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth
after a period of decline or destruction
(such as the Great Depression and
WWI)
• Seeks to purge “alien” forces and
groups that threaten the “pure”
community.
The Fascist Family
The Fascists encouraged the development of large
families.
Controlled Mass Media
Fascism in Spain
• Civil war in Spain:
Italy and Germany
supported General
Francisco FrancoSpanish Fascist
• 1939 Franco became
dictator until 1970s
• Guernica: Spanish
village bombed by
German planes
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
“Guernica”
Pablo Picasso
Adolf Hitler
“The Fuhrer”
• Joined National Socialist
German Worker’s Party
(NAZI) in 1920
• Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s
beliefs as later policy for
nazi party
• Great Depression gave
him followers; nazi’s
became largest political
party
• Economic and cultural
control
NAZI PROPAGANDA
1920-1945
“The greater
the mass of
men to be
reached, the
lower its
intellectual
level must
be.”
--Adolf Hitler, Mein
Kampf
Techniques
To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few
points driven home through:
• Simple slogans
• Repeat them endlessly
• Use of mass meetings to get people to feed off
of one another; new members of the
movement will feel a sense of belonging
“I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.”
– Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
“It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting
propaganda to make people believe that heaven is
hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler
“The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous
symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings,
commemorations, marches and congresses: his words
on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl
The World Drifted Towards
War
Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan challenged the League of
Nations
• 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria
• Set up puppet gov’t in Manchuria (controlled
by Japan)
• Japan withdrew from League of Nations
• War between China and Japan 1937
• Rape of Nanking: Japanese army executed
200,000 men, women and children as a show
of force
Mussolini meets Haile Selassie
• Mussolini attacks
Ethiopia to expand
Italian empire
• Haile Selassie,
Emperor of Ethiopia,
appeals to League of
Nations for help
• “It is us today. It will
be you tomorrow.”
Hitler takes the Rhineland
And joins with Mussolini and Japan1936
• Occupied the former
buffer zone between
France and Germany
• Oct. 1936: Germany and
Italy alliance called RomeBerlin Axis
• Nov. 1936: Germany, Italy
and Japan– Axis Powers
• 1937: Hitler declares
the need for
Lebensraum: living
space
• Took Austria, 1938
• Majority of Austrians
supported unity w/
Germany
Munich Conference- Sept. 1938
The Sudetenland
Munich Conference- 1938
• Hitler wanted the Sudetenland: area between
Germany and Czechoslovakia with 3 million German
speakers
• Britain, France and Italy agreed to let Hitler take the
Sudetenland, as long as he promised to respect
Czech’s new borders
• March 1939: Hitler attacks Czechoslovakia, looks to
attack Poland
• Munich Conference a symbol of appeasement and
surrender
THE TWO SIDES
AXIS POWERS
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
Bulgaria, Romania,
Hungary joined in 1941
ALLIED FORCES
• U.S.
• Britain
• Russia
• Australia
• Canada
• China
Major Battles
• 1940 Battle of Britain; Hitler repelled from West
• 1942 Battle of Stalingrad: Hitler defeated by Soviets
• 1942 Battle of El Alamein: German and Italians
defeated in northern Egypt
• 1941 Pearl Harbor
• 1942 Battle of Midway: Japan begins losing Pacific
• 1944 D-Day
End of WWII
• Eastern Front: Soviet Red Army pushed
towards Germany
• Western Fronts: Allies thru Sicily/Italy
• D-Day: June 6, 1944; 156,000 British,
American, Canadian troops @ Normandy
• May 7,1945 Germany surrendered
• Sept 2, 1945 Japan surrenders after 2 ABombs