Download Grammar – A unit

SO, what is grammar???
Grammar is a __way of thinking about language___.
Why do we need to think about language? ___so that we can learn to communicate
effectively through writing____.
When we think about language, we realize that each thought we have is basically two
things –
_NOUN_/__VERB_
(subject/predicate)
That is why every complete Sentence_ must also have a subject and a predicate.
There are FOUR LEVELS of grammar –

The parts of speech - show what each word is doing individually

The parts of a sentence - show the structure of the idea of the sentence

The phrases - show the little groups of words that act together

The clauses - show how many ideas are present and connected
Four Level Sentence Analysis –
Parts Of Speech
I
do
not
like
green
pron.
v.
adv
v
adj.
Parts Of SEntence Subject
-------predicate----
eggs
and
ham
n.
conj.
n.
---compound direct object ---
PHRases
no prepositional, appositive, or verbal phrases
Clauses
one independent clause, simple declarative sentence
Punctuation is the way we _mark_ and _separate_ groups of grammar.
The Term Total
18 VITAL TERMS
40 or so lesser terms
VITAL TERMS:
POS
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
POSE
Subject
Predicate
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Indirect Object
Subject Complement
Phrases
Prepositional
Appositive
Gerund
Clauses
Independent
Dependent
Level One – Parts of Speech
Noun – the name of a person, place or thing

Common – are not capitalized – like __house, yard, tree,_____

Proper – names a specific noun – are capitalized – like _Mozart, Moffett,
Indianapolis

Concrete – are names of objects, like rock, desk, pencil

Abstract – are names of ideas, like love, peace, freedom

Collective Nouns – name a group, like flock, class
Singular nouns describe individual things, like clown, car, race
Plural nouns describe multiple things, like clowns, cars, races
Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun.
Antecedent - word a pronoun replaces. There is not always an antecedent.
(Antecedent is named for the fact that it goes (cede) before (ante) its pronoun)
Pronouns are not specific.
Masculine – he, him, his
Feminine – she, her, hers
Neuter – it
Subject Pronouns
Singular
First Person:
Plural
I
we
Second Person:
you
you
Third Person:
he,she,it
they
Object Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First Person:
me
us
Second Person:
you
you
Third Person:
him, her, it
them
Subjects pronouns are subjects and object pronouns are objects.
Mom and me went to the store.
This ice cream is for you and I
This homework is for she and him.
I went swimming with you and they.
Possessive Pronouns – a pronoun that shows possession (duh!), used as both a pronoun
and an adjective – my, your, his, her, its, our their
Does its need an apostrophe? NO!!!. Apostrophes show possession, but the pronoun
itself implies possession so no apostrophe is necessary. It’s means it is.
Interrogative pronouns – pronoun used to interrogate – ask a question
Who, whose, whom, which and what?
Demonstrative pronouns - used to demonstrate – this, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns (PUT A STAR BY THIS) - relate an adjective clause to a main
clause – who, whose, whom, which, that
Who or Whom – who is a subject pronoun and whom is an object pronoun
Reflexive pronouns – is a –self or –selves pronoun that reflects back to a word used
previously – myself, yourself, himself, etc. .
Indefinite – general pronouns that do not have definite antecedents – anyone, anybody,
each, all etc . . .
Intensive - -self or –selves pronoun that is used to intensify the emphasis on a noun or
another pronoun. Myself, yourself, himself etc . . .
-one and –body are singular
Adjectives – a word that modifies a noun or pronoun
Modify means to change
Why do we need adjectives?
We have thousands of nouns, but not enough to describe everything in the galaxy.
What if each kind of ice cream had to have its own word?
What if everything had to have its own word?
Can’t have an adjective without a noun or pronoun – they are like a planet and its
moon.
Three degrees of adjectives
Good
Better
Best
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Why are some textbooks capitalized?
Proper Adjectives – are made out of Proper nouns. Spain to Spanish, England to
English
Articles - a, an and the
the is a definite article – talks about a specific thing
a and an are indefinite articles – they talk about general things
I want a book. I want the book.
VERB – a word that shows action, being or links a subject to a complement
A verb tells what the noun does or is. The verb is about the noun.
Complement – renames or describes the subject
Action verb shows action on a direct object or just simple action
Tyler threw the ball.
Tyler threw.
Linking verb links the subject to a complement – a word that renames or describes the
subject
He is a student.
Helping verbs are added to main verbs to help construct the complete verb.
I will have written all the notes after 3:00.
Active Voice – an action verb that shows the subject acting.
Samantha discussed her grades.
Passive Voice – an action verb that shows the subject passively being acted upon.
The grades were discussed.
Verb Tense – gives sentences time
Six Verb Tenses
1. Present
2. Past
3. Future
4. Present Perfect
5. Past Perfect
6. Future Perfect
I study
I studied
I will study
I have studied
I had studied
I will have studied
Why do we call them “perfect” tenses? They show action that is Finished_.
Parallel Verb Tense When I went home, I give my wife a hug and see my dog were in the kitchen.
When I went home, I gave my wife a hug and saw my dog was in the kitchen.
Adverbs – a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Many adverbs end in – ly.
Adverbs that modify verbs answer the questions Where? When? How? and To What
Extent?
Adverbs can appear anywhere - in the sentence.
Adverbs can really be very bad. Don’t overuse them.
Preposition – a word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in
the sentence.
Prepositional Phrases show where two things are located in relation to each other
PRE-POSITION in the phrase
Relationship of

TIME - before, during, after

Space – in, on, beside, around

Direction – to, from, toward
Don’t end with a preposition:
Where are you at?
Where are you?
Vs.
Who is this present for?
For whom is this present?
Conjunction – a word that joins two words or two groups of words
Coordinating conjunctions join equals – they are: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
Subordinating conjunctions join unequals –something of lesser importance to something
of greater importance: if, as, since, when, because, etc. . . .
Correlative conjunctions are multiple word conjunctions – either/or and neither/nor.
Conjunctive adverbs are conjunctions that act both as adverbs and as conjunctions.
They usually begin clauses: however, furthermore, moreover, accordingly, and
therefore.
Interjection – a word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function
Stands alone – the Batman words.
For example: oh, yes, ugh, oof, wow, no, oops, bam, pow.