Download Chapter 13 - The Cold War Begins

The Cold War Begins
Chapter 13
Essays – Chapter 13
In what ways did tensions between the US and the USSR
shape US foreign policy and American society from 1945
to 1960? What effects did the Cold War have on other
nations?
2. Explain the Truman Doctrine and the policy of
CONTAINMENT. Describe 2 specific examples of this
doctrine in use during the Cold War.
3. What was the Red Scare of the 1950’s? How did McCarthy
and Truman’s Loyalty Review Program increase the fears of
the day?
1.
Building a New World
 FDR had wanted to make sure the world would never go to a world
war again
 He believed an international organization designed to give nations a
place to discuss their issued rather than fight was needed
 CREATING THE UNITED NATIONS
 General Assembly – all member nations would have 1 vote
 Security Council – 11 members, 5 permanent (US, GB, USSR, Fr, China)
 Each permanent member could VETO any resolution
 The were responsible for international peace and security
 It could ask member nations to use their militaries to uphold a UN resolution
 April 25, 1945 – 50 countries met in San Francisco to design its charter
The Yalta Conference
 Feb 1945 – FDR, Churchill & Stalin met in Russia to plan the
postwar Europe they hoped to create
 POLAND – 2 set of leaders (democratic & communist) claimed to
be the leaders of Poland. USSR wanted some level of control because
every attack on Russia had come thru Poland. They wanted to be able
to use Poland as a BUFFER. FDR/Churchill agreed to allow
communist control if they included leaders from the democratic
group as part of the government and free elections in the future
Declaration of Liberated Europe
 “The right of all people to choose the form of government under
which they will live”
 Allied countries would occupy (run the country) until the nation
could reorganize and set up a free election for governments that
would be responsive to the will of the people
 DIVIDED GERMANY
 4 powers agreed to divide Germany
 USSR demanded war reparations
 US/GB removed war materials from
Germany as their “reparations”
Rising Tensions
 Shortly after Yalta, the USSR began installing communist governments
in countries they controlled, breaking the agreement for selfdetermination and free elections
 The US/USSR became increasingly hostile towards one another
 SOVIET CONCERNS
 Security – wanted to control countries between Germany and Russia
 Spread communism – a superior economic system in their viewpoint
 US ECONOMIC ISSUES
 US believed depression forced countries towards war – to get resources
 FDR/Truman believed economic growth was the key to peace
 Free enterprise, private property rights, limited govt key to growth too
Soviet Union create
SATELLITE countries
* Communist controlled
* National leader who
followed directions
from USSR
* Created a BUFFER
between USSR
and Western Europe
Truman takes Control
 Truman strongly anti-communist
 Believed WW2 happened because England appeased Hitler and he was NOT
going to make that mistake with Stalin
 POTSDAMS CONFERENCE (July 45 – just before Hiroshima)
 Truman and Stalin meet in Potsdam (outside Berlin)
 Soviets believed Germany must pay reparations, had begun stripping
Germany of any usable goods and shipping back to USSR
 Truman convinced Germany was key to building Europe back up. He
proposed Allied side be allowed to rebuild while Soviets could take
reparations from their side of Germany
 Truman also agreed to Polish border to get Stalin to agree
 Truman hinted at a new weapon the US had, hoping to scare the Soviets.
Stalin believed the US was trying to bully them, but agreed to terms
The IRON CURTAIN Descends
 Soviets refused to make a strong commitment to free elections
 Soviets controlled Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czech
 These nations became known as “SATELLITE NATIONS”
 Not under direct control, had to follow Soviet policies to receive aid
 Winston Churchill will give a
speech saying “an iron curtain has
descended across the continent”
 The IRON
CURTAIN became the
dividing line between the WEST
(democratic western Europe) and the
EAST (communist controlled
eastern Europe)
Containing Communism
 Many hoped the US/USSR could coexist after WW2
 After great frustration with the Soviet’s refusal to cooperate on
just about anything, the US adopts a policy of CONTAINMENT
 The US would use diplomacy, economic sanctions and, if necessary, military
to keep communism from expanding any further
 It was believed, that if contained, communism would eventually collapse –
allowing the US to defeat communism without war
CRISIS IN IRAN
 During WW2, the US/USSR occupied Iran (access to middle eastern oil)
 After WW2, the Soviets refused to leave, placing troops in N. Iran to secure oil
 US demanded they leave (sent a war ship to the region to reinforce demand)
 Soviets eventually agreed to leave
Truman Doctrine
 USSR turned to Turkey after losing out in Iran (access to Med. Sea)
 Truman advised to show Stalin a sign of force, more ships moved to
region
 At the same time, GB was trying to help Greece withstand a
guerilla war by communists. GB told US it could no longer afford
to help.
 Truman makes a major policy announcement in response
 The new US policy (The Truman Doctrine)
 The US would provide aid to any country resisting being controlled by
outside influences (communism)
 Tactically, this meant the US would fight the spread of communism
worldwide. All a country had to do was ask for help
Truman Doctrine – new direction
Marshall Plan
 Post war Europe was in ruins
 Economies in shambles, infrastructure broken, people starving
 Secretary of State George Marshall proposed new plan that
would provide aid to European nations to rebuild their
countries
 To receive aid – each nation was to create an economic rebuilding
plan (how much was needed, now that money would be spent)
 To receive aid – each country had to promise free, open elections
 Most European nations take the aid
 It was also offered to the Soviet Union, but rejected
 The Point Four Program was added later to promote the
scientific and industrial progress
Soviets counter Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
 US believed Europe’s future was dependent on
Germany’s economy rebuilding, but they believed that the USSR
was trying to undermine that economy. The USSR still wanted
Germany to pay reparations far larger than they were required to
** In response, the US, GB and France merged their zones and
allowed the Germans to elect their own government (W.Germany)
They were mostly independent, but not allowed a military
*** the meant the USSR would never get their reparations
** The other side of Germany (E.Germany) was controlled by the
USSR and Berlin was within that zone
** Berlin was divided between East and West as well
Berlin Airlift
 The USSR will blockade West Berlin, so no supplies could get thru
 USSR hoped the US would change its policies or abandon W. Berlin
 Truman did not want war with USSR, so he ordered airlifts to
take supplies to the city
 For 11 months, US/GB will airlift more than 2 million tons of food,
water and supplies to the people of W. Berlin
Logistics of the Berlin Airlift
Creation of NATO
 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 Berlin Airlift convinced many that the USSR was planning on
expanding communism and taking over other nations
 April 1949 – a mutual defense alliance was created
 12 nations to start – US, GB, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark,
Portugal, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and
Iceland
 If any nation was attacked, member nations would come to their aid
 US, for the 1st time, committed to helping maintain peace in Europe
 USSR was VERY concerned, countered with the Warsaw Pact
Asia after the WW2
 The Chinese Resolution
 Before/during the war, a rebel named Mao Zedong (communist) led
the chinese people in rebellion against their leader (Chiang Kai-shek)
and then against Japanese occupation
 After WW2, civil war broke out, US sent $2B to back Chiang (to
prevent communism from taking control
 1949, Mao won control, Chiang and follows fled to Taiwan to set up a
“free” China
 US formally recognized Chiang/Taiwan and refused to recognize or
deal with Mao’s China
 US used its VETO power in the United Nations to block China/Mao
from gaining membership
New Policies in Japan
 General Douglas MacArthur brought in to oversee the
occupation of Japan
 Key Objectives:
 Bring Democracy to Japan
 Keep Japan from ever threatening war again
 Build Japan’s economy up to be the strength of Asia (after loss of China)
*** MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito will meet to work out new
future for Japan
++ this was viewed by the Japanese people as quite
remarkable because “normal people” didn’t ever meet with
the emperor
Essays – Ch 13
In what ways did tensions between the US and the USSR
shape US foreign policy and American society from 1945
to 1960? What effects did the Cold War have on other
nations?
2. Explain the Truman Doctrine and the policy of
CONTAINMENT. Describe 2 specific examples of this
doctrine in use during the Cold War.
3. What was the Red Scare of the 1950’s? How did McCarthy
and Truman’s Loyalty Review Program increase the fears of
the day?
1.
The Korean War
 After WW2, both US and USSR troops moved into Korea to
disarm Japanese troops stationed there
 US controlled the south (set up a democratic government)
 USSR controlled the north (set up a communist government)
 Talks to reunify Korea broke down
 Both North Korea and South Korea claimed to be the legitimate
government for Korea
 USSR armed North Korea and trained their military
 Soon the North Korean Army invaded the south, driving back
the badly equipped South Korean Army
The Korean War
 Truman saw Korea as a test of his “CONTAINMENT” policy
 Truman ordered US Army/Navy into Korea
 Truman went to the United Nations to and demanded they
act to stop the aggression of North Korea/USSR
 UN did act (USSR was boycotting UN due to China policy)
 UN sent troops – US sent General Douglas MacArthur in to
lead the charge
Korean War
 US/UN troops only hold the very south part of Korea
 MacArthur plans/executes a daring invasion up the peninsula
 Cut off supplies to North Korean troops further south
 North Korean troops in full retreat
 38th Parallel was border between North/South Korea, but McArthur
pushed past the border with the intent of driving the communists out of
Korea, once and for all
 As MacArthur neared China, he was ordered to stop by President
Truman – order was ignored
 China enters war to protect themselves and their communist allies
 MacArthur wanted to expand war with China – was refused again
 MacArthur pushed ahead – was FIRED by Truman
Korean War
 Armistice Ends Fighting – UN will get sides together to try
to negotiate an end to the war
 Negotiations go on and on with little progress
 Dwight Eisenhower will be elected President in 1952
 “Ike” was determined to end the war, hinted to China that the
US might use nuclear bombs to end war if needed
 Threat seemed to work, China agreed to an armistice
 38th Parallel would become the DMZ (demilitarized zone)
 US troops would stay to help defend the border
 No official peace treaty ever signed between North and South
Korea
Change in Policy
 Korean War marked a change
 BEFORE 1950
 Preferred to use political pressure and economic pressure to contain communism
 Focused on Europe as the key region of concern
 AFTER 1950
 Major military buildup as the US realized the Cold War would be world wide
 Asia became the next battle ground (China & North Korea)
 Signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea and Taiwan
 SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization)
 US aided French in French Indochina (VIETNAM)
The New RED SCARE
 Fears about communist infiltration within the US rise
 A defector in Canada gave up documents that showed that the
USSR was trying to infiltrate government agencies, specifically
trying to get atomic bomb information
 The idea of Soviet spies in the US government SCARED people in
the US
 Truman Loyalty Review Program – screened all federal employees




Action confirmed people’s fears of possible spies in government
FBI looked deeper into the lives of 14,000+
2,000 quit their jobs (many under pressure/threat)
212 were fired for “questionable loyalty” despite a lack of evidence
HUAC and anti-communist
investigations
 The Senate started investigating the potential of communist infiltration
with HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
 Hollywood on Trial
 HUAC (led by Senator McCarthy) targeted the media (FILM)
 It was suspected they used their movies to push communist ideas
 “Hollywood Ten” – pled the 5th and were convicted of contempt and
many others were “blacklisted”
 Alger Hiss – high level official convicted of lying under oath
 The Rosenbergs – convicted, condemned to death for espionage
 Denied until their execution – later records show Julius was a spy, but no
proof Ethyl was
 Project Verona – cracked USSR code – proved USSR was syping,
heavily, on the US and was working to get our nuclear secrets
 Truman fought efforts of some to use government to hunt down
people who believed communism was good
RED SCARE spreads
 Across the US, efforts to root out communists spread
 Businesses, churches, unions required members to take loyalty oaths
 When China fell to communism and USSR tested a nuclear bomb,
many feared the US was losing the Cold War
 McCARTHYISM
 An unknown senator claimed to have a list of 205 members of the
communist party working in the government/state department
 McCarthy got BIG publicity and would continue to make charges
Sec of State accused of being an “instrument of Stalin”
 Congress passed the McCarron Act (Internal Security Act) which
made it illegal to establish a totalitarian government in the US and
required all communist-related groups to publish their records and
register with the government (Truman vetoed but was overridden)
McCarthy’s fall
 McCarthy reached his most powerful when he was picked to
head a committee to investigate communism in government
 Hearings became witch-hunts, bullying people into confessing or
naming others who might have communist leanings – people
became fearful to even challenge McCarthy (nixon)
 McCarthy even accused the military of disloyalty
 When McCarthy went after a young aid, a general FINALLY stood up to
McCarthy, asking in front of the cameras “Have you no decency?” to cheers
 Edward R. Murrow, a well respected newsman, put his
reputation on the line when he did an expose on McCarthy,
pointing out the tactics and meanness of McCarthy’s hearings
 Congress will “censure” McCarthy, he will lose all his power.
Life During the Cold War
 Fears of communism and nuclear bombs dominate the 1950’s
 Facing THE BOMB – USSR tests a hydrogen bomb in 1953
 U.S. cities/people begin to prepare for a surprise attack
 Schools have “duck and cover” drills
 Fallout Shelters open in most cities/town
 Popular Culture – TV, movies, radio, books, magazines, music
 Spies, nuclear war popular topics
 1950’s also a time of prosperity and optimism – a time of contrasts
 As 1952 election came – the American people were looking for
someone who could promise them security (after Depression and war)
Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies
 With the USSR’s nuclear test, many viewed Truman’s policies as not
working (USSR still a big threat)
 Truman decided not to run again
 Democrats nominate Adlai Stevenson
 Republicans nominate General Dwight D. Eisenhower (national hero)
 Eisenhower won in a landslide
 Massive Retaliation
 Strong military and strong economy were Eisenhower’s aims
 Economic prosperity would be seen as a better alternative to communism
 Believed a huge military, ready for attack, would be too expensive to
maintain. Atomic bombs were “more bang for the buck”
 Korean war convinced Eisenhower we could not contain communism with
a series of small battles. The threat of massive retaliation would prevent
spread of communism more that the threat of little wars
 Eisenhower was able to cut military spending from $50B to $34B while
increasing the number of nuclear bombs from 1,000 to 18,000
Brinksmanship
 The willingness to go to the “brink” of war to force the other side
to back down
 Several crises in this era showed Eisenhower was willing to use this
strategy to advance US interests
 TAIWAN CRISIS – China threatened to retake Taiwan. Eisenhower
vowed to defend, with nuclear power if necessary. China backed
down
 THE SUEZ CRISIS – To stop middle east countries from aligning
with USSR, US made deal to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile.
When US found out Egypt had bought weapons from Communist
Czechoslovakia, it pulled out of the deal. Egypt seized the Suez
canal. GB and Fr invaded Egypt (against US wishes). USSR offered
to help Egypt, US threatened war (nuclear if necessary). GB and Fr
called off invasion – USSR won this one
Covert Operations
 CIA began running COVERT operations
 Many of these occurred in developing nations – infiltrated
BEFORE communism could take hold
 IRAN AND GUATAMALA
 IRAN -When Iran nationalized oil fields, CIA organized protests and
helped overthrow government, placing pro-American Shah in control
 GUATEMALA – 1950 – Communist elected leader and land policies
took land from American investors. 1954 – Guatemala bought weapons
from Communist Czechoslovakia. The CIA began arming the opposition
and training them to overthrow the government. CIA trained rebel leaders
attacks and drove elected communist leader from country
Trouble in Eastern Europe
 Stalin died in 1954 – replaced by Nikita Khrushchev (a reformer)
 In secret speech, Khrushchev attacked Stalin’s rule
 CIA got transcript of the speech and sent it to E.Europe countries
 E.Europe countries were not happy with communist rule, and this
speech fueled resentment and resistance
 Riots erupts across the satellite countries
 Khrushchev was willing to grant some freedoms in E.Europe, but not
rebellion
 Soviet tanks roll into Hungary and crushed the rebellion
 Other nations back down to Soviet threats
The Eisenhower Doctrine
 Other nations using COVERT methods to advance their goals
 Nasser of Egypt began working in neighboring Syria and Jordan




to push “PAN-ARAB” idea – Arab people should unite into one nation
Eisenhower worried about Nasser’s connections with USSR
Got Congress to authorize use of force to protect the Middle
Eastern nations from communist aggression – basically the
Truman Doctrine (containment) applied to the Middle East
1958 – Iraq – Rebels (backed by Nassar and USSR) seized Iraq
Lebanon asked for US help – 5,000 marines sent to Lebanon until
things calmed down
U-2 incident – Spy Plane shot down
 Khrushchev believed in “peaceful coexistence” but accused the
West of starting an “ARMS RACE”
 1957 SPUTNIK – “We will bury capitalism” Khrushchev
 1958 Khrushchev demanded withdrawal from West Berlin
 NATO threatens to respond to and Soviet moves in West Berlin
 1960 – Summit called between Eisenhower and Khrushchev
 Just before meeting, a spy place was shot down over Russia (U-2)
U-2 Spy Plane
 Khrushchev accused US of spying, Eisenhower claimed it was a
weather plane, pilot produced
 Eisenhower refused to apologize – summit cancelled
 Pilot captured (Francis Gary Powers) and tried as a spy
 When Eisenhower left office, he warned of a “Military Industrial
Complex” that sought to maintain tensions (for profits)
 “I confess I lay down my official responsibilities in this field with a
definite sense of disappointment. As one who has witnessed the
horror and the lingering sadness of war, I wish I could say tonight that
a lasting peace was in sight: Eisenhower
Essays – Ch 13
In what ways did tensions between the US and the USSR
shape US foreign policy and American society from 1945
to 1960? What effects did the Cold War have on other
nations?
2. Explain the Truman Doctrine and the policy of
CONTAINMENT. Describe 2 specific examples of this
doctrine in use during the Cold War.
3. What was the Red Scare of the 1950’s? How did McCarthy
and Truman’s Loyalty Review Program increase the fears of
the day?
1.