Download The intestine :

The intestine :
It is a tube extend from the stomach to the anus, it is divided into two groups (small intestine and
large intestine).
Small intestine:
It is tube which connects the stomach with large intestine, it begins at the pylorus and terminates
at the junction of colon and cecum is suspended by the mesentery and includes:
A-Duodenum
B-Jejunum
The long of intestine:
C-Ileum
1-In the horse about: 70 feet.
3-In the sheep about: 8o feet.
2-In the cattle about: 130 f
4-In the dog about: 5 times the body length of the animals.
The duodenum:
1-It is first part of small intestine; it has shape like a horse shoe (in the horse). The convexity being
directed towards the right. It contacts with the quadrate and right lobes of the liver and has two
ampullae’s with constriction between them.
2-It consists of 3 parts and 3 flexures:
1-The parts:
A-cranial part: begin at the pylorus and passes on right side above the visceral surface of the liver
forms V-shape and ended by the cranial flexure, in horse and ruminants and pigs is sigmoid shape, it
receive bile duct from the liver and pancreas.
B-Descending part: begins at the cranial flexure, directed caudally towards the lateral border of
right kidney, than curved caudally to right kidney to make the caudal flexure (opposite the last rib).
C-Ascending part: passes from right to the left caudal to the attachment of the base of the cecum
cross the median plane caudal to the root of the mesentery and turn cranially to become continuous
with mesenteric part (jejunum and ileum). Under the left kidney by the doudojejunal flexure.
2-The flexures:
A-cranial duodenal flexure they are where the cranial part turns to course.
B-caudal duodenal flexure after descending part.
C-doudenojejunal flexure the portion which turns caudally to be continuous by the jejunum.
3-doudenum in the cranial part attached with the liver by hepatoduoddenal ligament.
4-in the horse there is hepatopancreatic ampulla, in which the pancreatic and hepatic ducts open on
small papillae.
5-the cranial part of duodenum has sigmoid loop which is found in horse, ruminants and pigs.
6-the ascending duodenum connect with the descending colon near the jejunoduodenal flexure by the
duodenocolic fold.
Mesenteric part: consist of two parts (jejunum and ileum), suspended to the roof of the abdomen by
mesentery.
Jejunum:
It is the longest part of small intestine; it begins at the duodenojejunum flexure. Located in dorsal
part of the left half of the abdominal cavity from the visceral surface of the stomach to the pelvic
inlet. In some cases coils of it lie against the right flank when the cecum contains little material.
In horse related with liver, spleen, pancreas and cranial part of colon.
In ruminants form numerous close coils arranged in festoon around the border of mesentery.
Caudally just before it joins the ileum, it is prolonged by a-u-shaped series of loops on an extension
of the mesentery. The jejunum lies in supraomental recess on right side of the rumen therefore,
related with pancreas, omasum, abomasums, liver and rumen.
Ileum:
It is the terminal part of the small intestine extends from the free edge of ileocecal fold to the
ileocecal orifice, it is smaller in all animals. It connect with the cecum by ileocecal fold, the ileocecal
orifice guarded by sphincter muscle in all animals, except in horse there is venous plexus instead the
sphincter muscle which acts the valve when full with blood.
Mesenteric part:
Connected with dorsal abdominal wall by the mesentery, this is a wide fan shaped fold consisting of
two layers of peritoneum, between which the vessels and nerves reach the bowel; it also contains the
mesenteric lymph nodes and some fats.
The visceral parts of the mesentery contains the intestine, while the parietal border or root of
mesentery, is attached to small area around the cranial mesenteric artery under the first and second
lumber vertebrae.