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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Contents
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Introduction
Branches of AI
Control Theory
Cybernetics
Artificial Neural Networks
Application
Advantage And Disadvantage
Introduction
• Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can
be traced back to ancient Egypt , but with the
development of electronic computers in 1941
• AI was first coined in 1956, by John McCarthy
of MIT
• From its birth 4 decades ago, there have been
variety of AI programs, impacted other
technical advancements
Defination of AI
Systems that think like
humans
Systems that think
rationally
“[ The automation of ] activities
that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as
decision- making , problem
solving, learning..”
(Bellman,1978)
“ The study of the computations
that make it possible to
perceive, reason, and act.”
(Winston,1992)
Systems that act like
humans
Systems that acts
rationally
“ The study of how to make
computers do things at which ,
at the moment, people are
“ AI ….is concerned with
intelligent behaviour in artifacts
“ (Nilson,1998)
Branches Of AI
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Logical AI
Search
Pattern Recognition
Representation
Planning
Epistemology
• Ontology
• Heuristics
• Learning From
Experience
• Common Sense
Knowledge and
Reasoning
Control Theory And Cybernetics
• The mathematical study of how to manipulate
the parameters affecting the behavior of a
system to produce the desired or optimal
outcome
• Plays a major role in nearly every modern
precision device
• Cybernetics is about having a goal and taking
action to achieve that goal
Artificial Neural Networks
• It is a mathematical or computational model
that tries to stimulate the structure and/or
functional aspects of biological neural networks
• it involves a network of simple processing
elements (neurons), which can exhibit complex
global behavior, determined by the connections
between the processing elements and element
parameters
Artificial Neural Networks
(Application) Assistive Technology
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Application
(Application) Robot performs a
surgery
oDate : 10th March 2008.
oPlace : Duke University.
o Task : Remove tumor in the
throat”
oTime Required : 1 hr 10
mins.
oSubject : Healthy and fully
cured.
Application
Other Applications
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Hospitals
Aviation
Security and Privacy
Intelligent Tutoring
Military
Telecommunication
Music
Speech and Text
Recognition
Advantages And Disadvantages
• Replaces human job
• Self-modifying , self writing, and learning
software relieves programmers of the
burdensome task of specifying the whole
program functionally
• Self-modifying with self replicating can lead to
dangerous, unexpected results , such as new
and frequently computer virus