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Same being similar in nature. Having uniform composition - same throughout Smoooooth Different Consisting of parts that are unrelated or unlike each other. Chunky In a chemical equation (formula) The reactants are what you start with. They are on the left side of the equation. The products are what they (the reactants) make. They are on the right side of the equation. The arrow points to the products. Reactant + Reactant → Product + Product Living stuff or has been living stuff. Plants, animals, etc. Non living stuff. Air, dirt, water, temperature, wind, etc. The total mass of living or been living stuff. A variety of life. Different animals and different plants. Living together. A living relationship between two one benefits and the other is unaffected. Ex. Bird nesting in tree A living relationship where both benefit. Ex. Bee and flower A living relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed. Parasite: the one who benefits. Host: the one the parasite eats on. Ex. Flea and dog The predator feeds on the prey. Predator: the one who hunts and eats. Prey: the one who is hunted and is eaten. Organisms that compete for resources: food, space, light, water, etc. Can be animals or plants. Any and all living organisms can be in competition. Animals or plants that consume dead organic material (detritus). Bacteria Insects worms Animals that consume dead animals (corpses or carrion) Vultures, beetles, blowflies, yellowjackets, raccoons, hyenas, lions, Organisms that consume organic materials, plant and animal. Break organic into inorganic Key to recycling nutrients Bacteria Fungi earthworms Feeding levels: Trophic means food or feeding T1: Producers Autotrophs T2: Primary Consumers; 1st level consumer T3: Secondary Consumers; 2nd level consumer T4: Tertiary Consumers; 3rd level consumer T5: Quaternary Consumers; 4th level consumer Producers Produce their own food by using the energy from the Sun and the environment to make sugar through photosynthesis. Plants Phytoplanton algae Some bacteria Consumers Organisms that feed on other organisms. A descriptive term for a relational position of a organism’s species. A place where it belongs and can thrive. Eat only plants Eat animals Eat both plants and animals Food Chain Food Wed Food Pyramid Energy Pyramid The arrow points to who eats. The arrow points in the direction the energy flows The ultimate energy source is the Sun. Decomposers, Scavengers, & Detritivors can act at any level. 10% rule: 10% of any level is passed to the next level and the 90% remaining is used at that level to carry on life processes and/or is lost to heat. Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Families For Geneis Great Species Soup more specific more alike Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia harsh environments Viruses are not included because they cannot reproduce without a host. Energy made through cell respiration. A mistake in the genetic code. A mistake in the code letters in either DNA (T – A , G – C ) or RNA (U – A , G – C ) The change changes the codon, which in turn may make a different amino acid, so a new protein may be made; but may not. Mutations may be good, bad, or have no affect. It is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration). Semi-permeable membrane it’s a flexible container that lets some stuff pass through it while keeping larger things contained. Changes over time an organism makes due to the environment so it can thrive. Survival of the fittest. The biotic and abiotic elements in a living environment. T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte) that play an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system. The AIDS virus attacks the T Cells so they cannot fight infections. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Igneous rock (from the Latin ignis meaning born of fire) is one of the three main rock types (the others being sedimentary and metamorphic rock). Igneous rock is formed by magma (molten rock) cooling and becoming solid. Sedimentary rock is formed by sedimentation of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution. Particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, sediment was formed by weathering and erosion in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, mass movement or glaciers. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The protolith is subjected to heat and pressure causing profound physical and/or chemical change. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have "morphed" into another kind of rock. Genes: Units of heredity information that consist of DNA and are located on chromosomes. Genes can exist in alternative forms called alleles. An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait. Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait. Genotype: genes that are present XX Xx xx Phenotype: how the genes are expressed tall, short, pink, white Parts of a Plant DNA → DNA The way DNA makes exact copies. It splits down the bases and makes exact copies of itself. DNA → mRNA When DNA gets changed into mRNA mRNA → proteins The mRNA is read by ribosomes and tRNA attaches amino acids to form proteins. DNA vs RNA Transcription Translation To keep the same. In the human body, the body systems work to keep the body in homeostasis, to keep things the same. Cytoplasm Centriole Vacuole Lysosome Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria Vesicle Rough ER Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton Smooth ER Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi apparatus (7) Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. The chromosomes are located in the nucleus. Humans have 23 pairs. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. Genes are located on the chromosomes. In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane. A very small organ. It has a specific job to do. the nucleus is sometimes referred to as the "control center“ of the cell, is a membraneenclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins to form chromosomes. It holds the instructions for the cell. The nucleolus is a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Makes ribosomes Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from amino acids. They are located outside the nucleus. mRNA travels to the ribosomes to meet with tRNA to make amino acids and then proteins. Storage A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell. Vacuoles – bigger Central vacuole – in plants store water interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. ER is like the plumbing. Ribosomes are located here Site of protein assembly No ribosomes synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism. The Golgi apparatus (also called the Golgi bodies, Golgi complex The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids, after their synthesis and before they make their way to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of the cellular endomembrane system. The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm that is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells. It gives the cell form, support, and structure. The cytoplasm is the part of a cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane. Thick liquid, mainly water, jelly-like Volume of cell The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is one biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane surrounds all cells and it is semi-permeable, controlling the movement of substances in and out of cells. A mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of (ATP) adenosine triphosphate, used as a source of the chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Lysosomes are the cells' garbage disposal system. Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases). They break up food so it is easier to digest. They are found in animal cells. Lysosomes digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis. The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek words chloros, which means green, and plast, which means form or entity A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls. Cilia: little hair like structures that helps cells move. Flagella: a long hair like structure that helps cells move. Carbon Cycle