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Same
being similar in nature.
Having uniform composition - same
throughout
Smoooooth
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Different
Consisting of parts that are unrelated or
unlike each other.
Chunky
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In a chemical equation (formula)
The reactants are what you start with. They
are on the left side of the equation.
The products are what they (the reactants)
make. They are on the right side of the
equation. The arrow points to the products.
Reactant + Reactant → Product + Product
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Living stuff or has been living stuff.
Plants, animals, etc.
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Non living stuff.
Air, dirt, water, temperature, wind, etc.
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The total mass of living or been living stuff.
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A variety of life.
Different animals and different plants.
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Living together.
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A living relationship between two
one benefits and the other is unaffected.
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Ex. Bird nesting in tree
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A living relationship where both benefit.
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Ex. Bee and flower
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A living relationship where one benefits
and the other is harmed.
Parasite: the one who benefits.
Host: the one the parasite eats on.
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Ex. Flea and dog
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The predator feeds on the prey.
Predator: the one who hunts and eats.
Prey: the one who is hunted and is eaten.
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Organisms that compete for resources:
food, space, light, water, etc.
Can be animals or plants.
Any and all living organisms can be in
competition.
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Animals or plants that consume dead
organic material (detritus).
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Bacteria
Insects
worms
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Animals that consume dead animals
(corpses or carrion)
Vultures, beetles, blowflies, yellowjackets,
raccoons, hyenas, lions,
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Organisms that consume organic materials,
plant and animal.
Break organic into inorganic
Key to recycling nutrients
Bacteria
Fungi
earthworms
Feeding levels: Trophic means food or feeding
 T1: Producers
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Autotrophs
T2: Primary Consumers;
1st level consumer
T3: Secondary Consumers; 2nd level consumer
T4: Tertiary Consumers;
3rd level consumer
T5: Quaternary Consumers; 4th level consumer
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Producers
Produce their own food by using the energy
from the Sun and the environment to make
sugar through photosynthesis.
Plants
Phytoplanton
algae
Some bacteria
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Consumers
Organisms that feed on other organisms.
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A descriptive term for a relational position
of a organism’s species.
A place where it belongs and can thrive.
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Eat only plants
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Eat animals
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Eat both plants and animals
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Food Chain
Food Wed
Food Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
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The arrow points to who eats.
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The arrow points in the direction the
energy flows
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The ultimate energy source is the Sun.
Decomposers, Scavengers, & Detritivors
can act at any level.
10% rule: 10% of any level is passed to the
next level and the 90% remaining is used at
that level to carry on life processes and/or is
lost to heat.
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Kingdom
King
Phylum
Phillip
Class
Came
Order
Over
Families
For
Geneis
Great
Species
Soup
more specific
more alike
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
harsh environments
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Viruses are not included because they
cannot reproduce without a host.
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Energy made through cell respiration.
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A mistake in the genetic code.
A mistake in the code letters in either DNA
(T – A , G – C ) or RNA (U – A , G – C )
The change changes the codon, which in
turn may make a different amino acid, so a
new protein may be made; but may not.
Mutations may be good, bad, or have no
affect.
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It is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high
water potential (low solute concentration)
to an area of low water potential (high
solute concentration).
Semi-permeable membrane it’s a flexible
container that lets some stuff pass through
it while keeping larger things contained.
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Changes over time an organism makes due
to the environment so it can thrive.
Survival of the fittest.
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The biotic and abiotic elements in a living
environment.
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T helper cells are a sub-group of
lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or
leukocyte) that play an important role in
establishing and maximizing the
capabilities of the immune system.
The AIDS virus attacks the T Cells so they
cannot fight infections.
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
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Igneous rock (from the Latin ignis meaning
born of fire) is one of the three main rock
types (the others being sedimentary and
metamorphic rock).
Igneous rock is formed by magma (molten
rock) cooling and becoming solid.
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Sedimentary rock is formed by sedimentation of
material at the Earth's surface and within bodies
of water.
Sedimentation is the collective name for
processes that cause mineral and/or organic
particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or
minerals to precipitate from a solution.
Particles that form a sedimentary rock by
accumulating are called sediment. Before being
deposited, sediment was formed by weathering
and erosion in a source area, and then transported
to the place of deposition by water, wind, mass
movement or glaciers.
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Metamorphic rock is the result of the
transformation of an existing rock type, the
protolith, in a process called metamorphism,
which means "change in form".
The protolith is subjected to heat and
pressure causing profound physical and/or
chemical change.
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have
"morphed" into another kind of rock.
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Genes: Units of heredity information that
consist of DNA and are located on
chromosomes.
Genes can exist in alternative forms called
alleles.
An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one
member of a pair) that is located at a specific
position on a specific chromosome.
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Heterozygous refers to having two different
alleles for a single trait.
Homozygous refers to having identical alleles
for a single trait.
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Genotype: genes that are present
XX Xx xx
Phenotype: how the genes are expressed
tall, short, pink, white
Parts of a Plant
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DNA → DNA
The way DNA makes exact copies.
It splits down the bases and makes exact
copies of itself.
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DNA → mRNA
When DNA gets changed into mRNA
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mRNA → proteins
The mRNA is read by ribosomes and tRNA
attaches amino acids to form proteins.
DNA vs RNA
Transcription
Translation
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To keep the same.
In the human body, the body systems work
to keep the body in homeostasis, to keep
things the same.
Cytoplasm
Centriole
Vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Vesicle
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Smooth ER
Schematic of typical animal cell, showing
subcellular components.
 Organelles:
(1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome
(4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
(6) Golgi apparatus (7) Cytoskeleton
(8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole
(11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles
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A chromosome is an organized structure of
DNA and protein that is found in cells.
It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other
nucleotide sequences.
The chromosomes are located in the
nucleus.
Humans have 23 pairs.
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A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a
living organism.
All living things depend on genes.
Genes hold the information to build and
maintain an organism's cells and pass
genetic traits to offspring.
Genes are located on the chromosomes.
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In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized
subunit within a cell that has a specific
function, and is usually separately enclosed
within its own lipid membrane.
A very small organ. It has a specific job to
do.
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the nucleus is sometimes referred to as the
"control center“ of the cell, is a membraneenclosed organelle found in eukaryotic
cells.
It contains most of the cell's genetic
material, organized as multiple long linear
DNA molecules in complex with a large
variety of proteins to form chromosomes.
It holds the instructions for the cell.
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The nucleolus is a
non-membrane
bound structure
composed of
proteins and
nucleic acids
found within the
nucleus.
Makes ribosomes
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Ribosomes are the components of cells
that make proteins from amino acids.
They are located outside the nucleus.
mRNA travels to the ribosomes to meet
with tRNA to make amino acids and then
proteins.
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Storage
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A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell.
More technically, a vesicle is a small,
intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that
stores or transports substances within a
cell.
Vacuoles – bigger
Central vacuole – in plants store water
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interconnected network of tubules,
vesicles, and cisternae within cells.
ER is like the plumbing.
Ribosomes are located here
Site of protein assembly
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No ribosomes
synthesis of lipids and steroids,
metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of
calcium concentration, drug detoxification,
attachment of receptors on cell membrane
proteins, and steroid metabolism.
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The Golgi apparatus (also called the Golgi
bodies, Golgi complex
The primary function of the Golgi apparatus
is to process and package macromolecules,
such as proteins and lipids, after their
synthesis and before they make their way
to their destination; it is particularly
important in the processing of proteins for
secretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part
of the cellular endomembrane system.
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The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular
"scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained
within the cytoplasm that is made out of
protein.
The cytoskeleton is present in all cells.
It gives the cell form, support, and
structure.
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The cytoplasm is the part of a cell that is
enclosed within the cell membrane.
Thick liquid, mainly water, jelly-like
Volume of cell
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The cell membrane (also called the plasma
membrane) is one biological membrane
separating the interior of a cell from the
outside environment.
The cell membrane surrounds all cells and it
is semi-permeable, controlling the
movement of substances in and out of cells.
A mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a
membrane-enclosed organelle found in most
eukaryotic cells.
 Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular
power plants" because they generate most of the
cell's supply of (ATP) adenosine triphosphate, used
as a source of the chemical energy.
 In addition to supplying cellular energy,
mitochondria are involved in a range of other
processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation,
cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and
cell growth.
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Lysosomes are the cells' garbage disposal
system.
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain
enzymes (acid hydrolases).
They break up food so it is easier to digest.
They are found in animal cells.
Lysosomes digest excess or worn-out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses
or bacteria.
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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells
and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve
free energy in the form of ATP through a
complex set of processes called photosynthesis.
The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek
words chloros, which means green, and plast,
which means form or entity
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A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but
sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds
some types of cells.
It is located outside the cell membrane and
provides these cells with structural support
and protection, and also acts as a filtering
mechanism.
A major function of the cell wall is to act as a
pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion
when water enters the cell.
Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls.
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Cilia: little hair like structures that helps
cells move.
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Flagella: a long hair like structure that helps
cells move.
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Carbon
Cycle