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Atmosphere The atmosphere consists of a gaseous envelope surrounding the earth. Composed of a mixture of gases. Provides living things with oxygen and carbon dioxide, Some gases serve as a protection against harmful radiation. Geosphere Made up of the rocks, mountains, beaches and all other features of our planet except for water. Ocean basins, rock layers and the mantle make up the geosphere as well. Minerals, such as iron and copper are a part of the geosphere. The geosphere is constantly changing. Hydrosphere All the water on the planet (oceans, lakes, rivers, ice and snow in the poles.) Water is either salt or fresh. Most of Earth’s water is salty. Water is continually recycled. Biosphere Composed of all living things. The interactions among the three other spheres allows for life to continue to grow. Interactions among the Spheres The four spheres are constantly moving, changing and interacting. Volcanoes (geo) erupt, sending ash and gas into the air (atmo) and lava and ash down onto surrounding forests (bio) and human habitations (bio). Changing the Spheres Some changes to the spheres can take thousands or millions of years. It can take many forms. Changes can be personal, especially when they involve the biosphere. (storms, earthquakes, etc.) Humans can also change other spheres (pollution affecting the atmosphere.) Examples Examples Examples Examples Examples