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1. Distinguish between vascular and nonvascular plants. Vascular – have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant. Nonvascular – no vascular tissue. They rely on diffusion and osmosis directly through all plant cells, which means these are small plants that live in damp environments. 2. Distinguish between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms- have cones for reproduction (also called conifers) Angiosperms – have flowers for reproduction 3. The pores that facilitate gas exchange in plant leaves are called a. cuticle pores b. stomata c. guard cells d. spongy mesophyll 4. In angiosperms, which plant tissue is used to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients within the plant to provide support? a. ground tissue b. dermal tissue c. vascular tissue d. seed tissue 5. Draw and label a typical dicot stem. Include xylem, phloem, cambium, cortex, epidermis, and pith. 6. List and explain three abiotic factors that affect the rate of transpiration in a plant. • Humidity – as humidity increases, transpiration decreases and vice versa. (Because in higher humidity, water potential is greater outside the plant and in low humidity water potential is lower outside the plant) • Wind – as wind increases, transpiration increases (because wind carries water away from the plant creating a lower water potential outside the plant) • Light intensity – as light intensity increases, transpiration increases (because photosynthesis rates are increased). • Temperature – as temperature increases, transpiration increases (because heat increases evaporation from the plant). 7. Draw and label a flower AND give the function of each part. 8. What is the advantage of CAM and other adaptations of xerophytes in plants? a. It helps the plant to survive high humidity. b. It helps the plant prevent water loss. c. It helps the plant survive low light intensities. d. It helps the plant survive when there are low nutrients in the soil. 9. Which of the following has the greatest effect on the movement of water through the xylem? a. evaporation b. cell turgor c. phloem d. ion concentration gradient 10. Which of the following has the greatest effect on the flowering of angiospermophytes? a. length of day b. length of night c. humidity d. moisture level 11. Describe the factors that affect germination of a seed. • Water – for hydration to activate metabolism • Oxygen – for cellular respiration • Warmer temperature – to increase enzyme activity 12. List and describe 3 ways a plant can take up mineral ions and water. As water flows (mass flow) in from the surrounding soil, it brings minerals with it. The minerals are brought to the correct protein pump in the root cells and are brought into the cells by active transport. Sometimes fungal hyphae assist the plant with taking up mineral ions (in a mutualistic relationship called mycorrhizae). Sometimes mineral ions are taken up by the plant via diffusion or passive transport (depending on the concentration gradient). Both water and mineral ions are distributed through the xylem of the plant. 13. Which of the following would be an adaptation made by a xerophytic plant. a. reduced root surface area b. increased air space c. increased number of stomata d. a thicker cuticle 14. Which processes in angiospermophytes involve active transport? a. mineral ion uptake b. transpiration c. photosynthesis d. osmosis 15. What are the functions of xylem in angiospermophytes? I. physical support II. passive transport of water and minerals III. active transport of carbohydrates a. I, II, and III b. I and II c. II and III d. I and III 16. What conditions are needed for germination of all seeds? I. light II. sufficient water III. oxygen a. I and III b. I and III c. II and III d. I, II, and III 17. During pollination, pollen is transferred from the ___ to the ___. a. anther to stigma b. stigma to anther c. stamen to anther d. pistil to stamen 18. What is the chief function of root hairs? a. To decrease the anchoring power of roots. b. To increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals. c. To provide a direct passageway from the soil to the vascular cylinder. d. To protect roots from freezing temperatures. 19. Plants develop brightly coloured flowers to attract animals. Which process is directly assisted by this adaptation? a. seed dispersal b. pollination c. fertilization d. Germination 20. Which of the following are ways that mineral ions move into the root? I. passive transport II. active transport III. Fungal hyphae IV. Phloem a. I, III, and IV b. II, and III c. I, II, and III d. III, IV 21. Which of the following best describes the relationship between pollination and fertilization? a. fertilization is required for pollination to occur b. without pollination fertilization would not happen c. fertilization always lead to pollination d. pollination relies on fertilization to occur first 22. Which of the following requires the greatest transpiration-cohesion-tension force? a. a sunflower b. a corn plant c. moss d. a redwood tree 23. What force is responsible for the cohesiveness of water? a. osmosis b. diffusion c. negative pressure created by evaporation of water from spongy mesophyll d. hydrogen bonding between water molecules 24. What controls the flowering process in long-day plants? a. Pfr is converted by red light to Pr which acts as a promoter of flowering. b. Pr is converted by red light to Pfr which acts as an inhibitor of flowering. c. Pr is converted by red light to Pfr which acts as a promoter of flowering. d. Pfr is converted by red light to Pr which acts as an inhibitor of flowering. 25. Under which conditions would transpiration be most rapid? a. rainy weather b. hot, humid weather c. cold, humid weather d. hot, dry weather 26. Fertilization, pollination and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur? a. seed dispersal pollination fertilization b. fertilization pollination seed dispersal c. pollination fertilization seed dispersal d. seed dispersal fertilization pollination