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ESSENTIALS OF GOOD EMERGENCY PRACTICE
[email protected]
International spread of
diseases
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Historically, diseases have spread across
international borders due to the movement
of animals and animal products
Global consideration of animal
diseases
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Diseases with a fast spread potential
Diseases with serious socioeconomic
and health consequences
Diseases important for international
trade
Emerging and new emerging diseases
Examples....
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FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25
bln. US $)
CSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swine
FMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animals
BSE: Trojan cows
ND in USA
HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of
birds
HPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultry
FMD
?
Rinderpest
BSE
FMD
ASF
FMD
Screwworm
Economic consequences of
animal diseases
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Death, decreased production and treatment costs
Human disease costs
Food safety and environmental costs
Decresased food supply with higher prize
Adoption of less productive and more costly system do
decrease disease risk
Constraints on national and international trade due to
zoosanitary restrictions
Indirect costs to turism and other related activities
Consequences: in conclusion
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Social and political impact can outgrow the
technical and scientific considerations
Need for effective risk communication in order to
minimize/have objective approach in concern
related animal diseases
E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so
far less than death 200 cases was noted in the
world
In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused
8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal
consequences (WHO, 2004)
Global disease surveillance and
monitoring
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OIE – International animal health
organization
FAO – UN Food and Agriculture
Organization
WHO – World Health Organization
1920 Rinderpest
from India to Belgium
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Animals originating from India in transit
towards Brazil
Outbreaks of Rinderpest in Europe
Large scale spread of the disease
Cause of concern of the International
Community
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The need for international animal health
regulations and standards
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The need for sound national animal health
programs
World Animal Health
Organization (OIE)
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Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has
identified the need to establish
international body in charge for regulation
of animal and animal byproducts trade
1924 establishing of the Office
International des Epizooties (OIE)
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28 countries
Food and Agriculture
Organization
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Emergency Prevention System – Livestock
(EMPRES – Livestock program)
Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine
Fever,...
Goals:
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Early warning
Early response
Research
Collaboration
World Health Organization
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Global Public Health Intelligence
Network
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Diseases which influence human health
and zoonotic diseases
WTO and OIE
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1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round
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World Trade Organization, January 1995
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Agreement on application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary (SPS) measures
OIE responsibility to draft international animal
health standards
SPS Agreement
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Basic principles
SPS measures should be:
 scientifically based
 the least restrictive as long as they achieve the
desired level of protection
 non discriminatory
 consistent
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SPS measures should not be used as
unjustifiable barriers to trade
Key concepts of SPS
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Regionalization
Risk analysis
Harmonization
Equivalence
Transparency
SPS Agreement
Food safety
Animal health
Plant health
Basic questions that have to be
resolved by the national veterinary
service
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Prioritization: Which are the most
important diseases?
Decision making: Which strategies
have to be adopted in control or
eradication of certain disease?
Disease control implementation: How to
achieve optimal implementation of
approved interventions?
Purpose of manual
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Focused on Transboundary animal
diseases (TADs)
May be helpful in preparing for food safety,
zoonotic and even non infectious diseases
emergencies
EMPP should provide the key to
identifying and prioritizing diseases threats
Cycle of good emergency management
practice and disease control: FAO approach
RECOVER
PREVENT
RESPOND
DETECT
Preparation
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Establish a national disasase emergency
planning committee
Determine command structure and
responsibilities
Ensure that required legal powers are in
place
Ensure that source of financing have been
identified
Establish compensation policy
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Establish sourcing for any required
vaccines and other critical supplies
Undertake risk analysis to identify and
prioritize potential disease risks
Prepare, practise and refine contigency
plans and operational manual
The Required Elements Of
Preparedness Planning
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An Emergency preparedness plan (what to
do before outbrake)
A response or “contigency plan”(what will
be done after outbrake)
An operations manual or manuals
(comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs)
A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or
restoration of normal activities)
Comparing the required plans
and documents
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Preparedness: a state of readiness,
preparation for an event
Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable
event; something liable but not certain, to
occur
Prepare
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Includes both planning and practising
Responsibilities
Command structures: gold, silver and
bronze
National monitoring, surveillance
and response
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Responsibility of the national veterinary service
is to protect and improve:
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health
welfare
quality
marketing for animals and products
These goals are to be achieved trough
prevention, control and / or elimination of animal
diseases and promoting of health and
productivity.
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Organization and management
Legislation
Resources
Trainnings and knowledge
Infrastructure (laboratories)
Motivation
.....
Conclusions
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Global risk of animal diseases is increasing
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Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..)
Zoonotic diseases (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus, HPAI,
..)
A huge advance was made in scientific understanding
and improvement of health standards in production,
however, some of the latest epidemics have caused
serious economic and public health consequences
Establishing of the partnership between producers,
veterinarians, national institutions and international
organizations with the aim of disease control and
prevention of disease spread
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Trade globalization, growth of world population,
intensive production, importance of wildlife
animals, environmental changes, ...
Rapid reactions in developed countries (masive
depopulation) in order to preserve health status
Lack of resources in countries in development
and undeveloped countries