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Chapter 2
Europeans Establish Colonies
1492-1752
Page 32
Section 1
Spain’s Empire in the Americas
• OBJ: Explain Spanish explorer achievements
• Describe the Society of New Spain
• Evaluate the causes and effects of Spanish
imperial policies
A. Religious Division
• Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation
rocked Europe in 1400’s 1500’s
• Catholics and Protestants don’t get along
• Brought many conflicts between Spain,
Portugal, France, England, and other countries
• France and GB feared how powerful Spain was
becoming, began their own exploration.
B. Spain’s colonies
• Encomiendas??
• Missionaries- went forward to convert the
natives
• Presidios- Spanish forts set up near
missionaries for protection
C. Organization
• New Spain
– Central and North American possessions
• Peru
– South America possessions
• Ruled by viceroys
• Society organized in a caste system:
– Pure Spanish, Mestizos, Africans and Indians
D. Spanish Explore North
• Hernan De Soto- explored Florida and much of
the South West in 1539- died on the trip
• Ponce de Leon- Fountain of youth
• Coronado- searched for seven cities of gold
– Made it all the way to Kansas and the mid west
• Spain settled Florida and Texas to protect its
richer lands on the interior
• St. Augustine- oldest city in North America
• Pedro Menendez de Aviles??
E. New Mexico
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Settled by Spanish with Capital at Santa Fe
Few Spanish would actually settle there
Out numbered by 40,000 Pueblo
1680- Pueblo revolted and drove the Spanish
out of New Mexico led by POPE’
• Pope’ would die and the Spanish would come
back
Section 2
The French Empire
• OBJ: explain how the fur trade affected the
French and Indians in NA
• Explain how and why Quebec was founded
• Describe the French expansion into Louisiana
• Both Verrazano and Jacques Cartier explored
parts of North America looking for a
Northwest Passage
• The claimed land for France at mouth of St.
Lawrence River
The Expanding French Empire
Section 1
• New France began in 1608 when Samuel
Champlain founded Quebec which became
the capital
• By 1658, only 2,000 settlers and mostly men
• Montreal also a prospering French Settlement
• In 1660’s French gov’t became concerned with
growing Dutch and English colonies
• Started encouraging settlement
• Population grows to 15,000 by 1700
Trading Empire
• Most French wanted to make money in fur
trade
• Were not interested in permanent settlements
or conquering the land
• Usually only stayed temporarily
• Needed the Natives so developed great
relationships with native populations
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Voyageurs and couriers de bois- fur traders
Treated Natives with respect
Often lived in Indian villages
Too Native Wives
Missionaries also treated natives well
Did not force them to convert
Would align themselves with Huron against the
Iroquois who attacked their settlements
• Trade became very lucrative and France benefited
from colonial trade
Reaching Ohio and Beyond
• La Salle would travel Ohio River claiming for
France
• Thought it was the Northwest Passage
• Traveled it to almost the Mississippi
La Salle reaches Gulf
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La Salle would go back in 1679
Set out with 23 Frenchmen and 31 Natives
Reached the gulf in 1682
Claimed the country of Louisiana in the name
of France
• Included all of Mississippi and its tributaries
Mississippi Delta
• French would work to build forts up and down
the Mississippi
• Several benefits to controlling the River
• Would establish New Orleans
• By 1745, about 3,200 Europeans and 2,000
African slaves lived in a thin line of settlement
down the Mississippi
• However, Colony stayed small. Why?
Section 3
England’s Southern Colonies
• OBJ: Describe how Jamestown was settled
• Explain the relationship between the colonist
and the Natives
• Discuss the settlement of Maryland and the
Carolina’s and Georgia
A. England’s Colonies
• England- overpopulation and a need of
natural resources
• A Joint Stock Company received a charter
from the king to colonize North America
• Roanoke was established in the 1580’s, but
disappeared when English ships returned
B. Jamestown
• 1607: The Virginian Company would establish
Jamestown on the Chesapeake bay
• 24,000 tribes in the area united by chief
Powhatan
• Wanted to trade with the colonist, but also
keep them contained
• John Smith would emerge as leader of
Jamestown
C. Conflict
• 1609- War would break out
• Colonist were starving
• John Smith saved colony by demanding “work or
don’t eat”
• 1613, colonist captured Pocahontas. She married
John Rolfe and there was peace
• Powhatan died in 1618
• The colony would finally become successful after
Tobacco was grown and sold in England
• People would start moving to Virginia, especially
to get free land
D. Start of Democracy
• House of Burgesses, set up in Virginia to rule.
• First elected government body in NA
• Later two types of colonies
• Royal
• Proprietary
E. Effects of Expansion
• 1622, Opechancanough led a surprise attack
on the colonists
• However, it was too late, they were to
entrenched
• They killed 1/3 of the colonists, but colonists
would decimate the natives in return
• 1644, one more war, native lose again
• 41,000 English by 1640- going nowhere
F. Bacon’s rebellion
• Nathanial Bacon led revolt against Virginia
leadership
• Too nice to natives
• Favored the wealthy
• Burned down Jamestown, but Bacon died and
rebellion stalled
• Showed gov’t couldn’t ignore the people
G. Other Colonies
• Maryland-1632 established by Lord Baltimore
as a refuge for Catholics
• Carolinas- 1670- Established at capital of
Charles Town. 1730’s Carolinas were split
• Georgia- Buffer between English and Spanish
• James Oglethorpe was their leader. Haven for
English debtors. Also strict??
Section 4
New England Colonies
• OBJ: discuss why Pilgrims left England
• Summarize gov’t of Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Explain why Rhode Island, Connecticut, and
New Hampshire were founded
A. Puritans
• Puritans wanted to “purify” church of England
• John Calvin was their leader
• Were persecuted in England and fled to the
New World
• Called Pilgrims and crossed the Ocean in the
Mayflower
• Agreed to follow laws in the Mayflower
Compact
• Land at Plymouth Rock
B. Massachusetts Bay Colony
• 1630, John Winthrop let even more Puritans
to America
• Tried to establish “city on a hill”
• Boston established
• Elected their own governor
• Very strict
C. Dissenters
• Roger Williams- shouldn’t take land from
Natives- fled to Rhode Island
• Anne Hutchinson- women should have rightsalso fled to Rhode Island
• Rhode Island much more tolerant
D. Salem Witch Trials
• 1692’s, religious fervor led authorities to try,
convict and execute 19 suspected witches
• Later, realized just how crazy they were
E. Conflict
• Puritans didn’t like Natives
• Pequot war- Conflict led to complete war.
Colonist killed 700 mostly women and
children in village.
• Native allies shocked by carnage
• Pequot nearly wiped out
• Forced many natives into Praying towns
• King Philip War- 1675, Metacom known as
King Philip to the colonists led rebellion
• Destroyed 12 towns and ravaged country side
• Metacom would die, and the colonist would
wipe out and take the Natives remaining land
• By 1700, 90,000 colonist outnumbered the
only 9,000 remaining Natives
Section 5
Middle Colonies
• OBJ: Explain how Dutch lost New York to
English
• Describe William Penn’s relationship with
Natives in Pennsylvania
• Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania
Colony to other colonies
A. Dutch New Netherland
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Dutch settled on Hudson River
Formed city of New Amsterdam
Were tolerant of many groups
1660 only 5,000 residents
Life was good in Netherland’s- no reason to
lead
B. New Sweden
• On Delaware River: Fort Christian
• Farming and trading furs
• 500 colonists: Very small
• Dutch took over in 1655
C. English Conquest
• Dutch and English became rivals in World
Trade
• 1664: English forced Dutch to surrender
• Duke of York put in Charge
• Renamed New York
• South of Hudson he established New Jersey
D. Pennsylvania
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Established by William Penn
Was a QuakerTreated Natives fairly
Welcomed all faiths
Philadelphia was the capital
E. Diversity
• Middle colonies were the most diverse
• Had aspects of Southern and Northern
• Immigrants from all over Europe settled in
area.